LIBRARY 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 

PRESENTED  BY 
ANN   GUEST 


BY  CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL 


THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 

With  an  introductory  note  by  Nath.  L.  Britton.  With  illus- 
trations made  from  tracings  of  the  leaves  of  the  various  trees, 
8° $i  75 

THE  SHRUBS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 

Fully  illustrated.     8° $i  75 

Popular  Edition.     The  above  two  volumes  in  one      .      $2  oo 

THE  LEAF  COLLECTOR'S  HANDBOOK  AND  HERBARIUM 

An  aid  in  the  preservation  and  in  the  classification  of  specimen 
leaves  of  the  trees  of  Northeastern  America.  Illustrated,  $2  oo 

THE  VINES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 

Very  fully  illustrated.  Similar  in  general  style  to  "  The  Trees 
of  Northeastern  America."  8°  .  .  .  .  $i  75 


G.  P.  PUTNAMS  SONS,  NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON 


THE  TREES   OF 
NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 


THE  SHRUBS  OF 
NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 

BY 
CHARLES    S.   NEWHALL 


Illustrations  from  Original  Drawings 


Two  Volumes  in  One 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 

NEW   YORK   AND    LONDON 

Ube  Ikmcfeerbocfeer  press 


THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA" 

Copyright,  1890,  by 
CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL 


•THE  SHRUBS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA' 

Copyright,  1891,  by 
CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL 


Ube  ftnicfccrboclKr  press,  "Hew  got* 


QK 


LIBRARY 

.UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
SANTA  BARBARA 


THE   TREES 

OF 

NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 

BY 
CHARLES   S.    NEWHALL 


With  an  Introductory  Note  by 
NATH.   L.   BRITTON,  E.M.,   PH.D.,  COLUMBIA  COLLKSI 


FOURTEENTH  IMPRESSION 


I  said  I  will  not  walk  with  men  to-day, 
But  I  will  go  among  the  blessed  trees, — 

Among  the  forest  trees  I  '11  take  my  way, 

And  they  shall  say  to  me  what  words  they  please. 

And  when  I  came  among  the  trees  of  God, 
With  all  their  million  voices  sweet  and  blest, 

They  gave  me  welcome.  So  I  slowly  trod 

Their  arched  and  lofty  aisles,  with  heart  at  rest 

Then  all  around  me  as  I  went, 
Their  loving  arms  they  lightly  bent, 
And  all  around  leaf-voices  low 
Were  calling,  calling  soft  and  slow. 


I  could  not  fail  to  know 
The  words  they  whispered  so, 
Nor  could  I  onward  go 
From  words  so  sweet  and  low. 

— From  The  Tree*. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 
PREFACE  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .      xiii 

INTRODUCTORY  NOTE       •         •         .         .         .  .  xiv 

GUIDE  TO  THE  TREES    *   •      .         .         .         .  .  i 

LIST  OF  GENERA    ....         .         .  .  3 

DESCRIPTION  OF  TREES  (WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS)  .  4 

EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS         .         .         .         .  .237 

GLOSSARY        ....                           .  .  243 

INDEX  TO  THE  TREES     ......  245 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Figures  i  and  2. — CUCUMBER  TREE  and  SWEET  BAY  ...  7 

Figure  3. — UMBRELLA  TREE 9 

Figure  4. — PAPAW         .         .         .         .         .         .        .         .         .11 

Figure  5. — RED  BUD 13 

Figure  6. — SOUR  GUM 15 

Figure  7. — PERSIMMON     _;   , 17 

Figure  8. — SASSAFRAS 19 

Figure  9. — BASSWOOD 23 

Figures  10  and  n. — AMERICAN  HOLLY        .         .         .         .         .  25 

Figure  12. — WILD  BLACK  CHERRY 29 

Figure  13. — WILD  RED  CHERRY 29 

Figure  14. — WILD  PLUM 31 

Figure  15. — CRAB-APPLE       .         . 33 

Figure  16. — WHITE  THORN  FRUIT 35 

Figure  17. — BLACK  THORN            .......  35 

Figure  18. — COMMON  THORN 37 

Figure  19. — COCKSPUR  THORN -  39 

Figure  20. — SHAD-BUSH 41 

Figure  21. — SORREL  TREE 43 

Figures  22  and  23. — WHITE  ELM  and  SLIPPERY  ELM   ...  45 

Figure  24. — HACKBERRY .49 

Figure  25.— RED  MULBERRY          .         .         .  .         .         .51 

Figure  26. — BUTTONWOOD 54 

Figures  27  and  28. — WHITE  BIRCH  and  PAPER  BIRCH.         .         .  57 

Figures  29  and  30. — RED  BIRCH  and  YELLOW  BIRCH  61 

Figure  3 1. — SWEET  BIRCH 63 

Figure  32. — HOP-HORNBEAM 65 

Figure  33. — HORNBEAM 67 

Figure  34. — CHESTNUT      .,  »:,-•._  j -  (>  v.-.j :l  .?.,<  ?••--     ...  69 

ix 


Illustrations. 


PAGE 


Figure  35. — BEECH        .        . 71 

Figure  36. — BLACK  WILLOW 73 

Figure  37. — SCYTHE-LEAVED  WILLOW 75 

Figure  38. — SHINING  WILLOW -77 

Figure  39. — LONG-BEAKED  WILLOW 79 

Figures  40,  41,  42,  and  43. — WHITE  WILLOW,  YELLOW  WILLOW, 

WEEPING  WILLOW,  and  CRACK  WILLOW        .        .        .        .81 

Figure  44. — ASPEN        . .85 

Figure  45. — LARGE-TOOTHED  ASPEN 87 

Figure  46. — DOWNY-LEAVED  POPLAR 89 

Figure  47. — COTTON  WOOD .         .91 

Figures  48  and  49. — BALSAM  POPLAR  and  BALM  OF  GILEAD        .       93 

Figure  50. — LOMBARDY  POPLAR 95 

Figure  51. — SILVER- LEAF  POPLAR 95 

Figure  52. — TULIP  TREE       .         .     '    .' 99 

Figure  53. — WHITE  OAK 103 

Figure  54. — POST  OAK 105 

Figure  55. — BURR  OAK 107 

Figure  56. — SWAMP  WHITE  OAK 109 

Figure  57. — CHESTNUT  OAK in 

Figure  58. — YELLOW  CHESTNUT  OAK 113 

Figure  59. — BLACKJACK 115 

Figure  60. — SPANISH  OAK .117 

Figure  61. — SCARLET  OAK   .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .119 

Figure  62 — BLACK  OAK 121 

Figure  63. — RED  OAK 123 

Figure  64. — PIN  OAK 125 

Figure  65. — WILLOW  OAK 127 

Figure  66. — SHINGLE  OAK .129 

Figure  67. — SWEET  GUM 131 

Figure  68. — FLOWERING  DOGWOOD 135 

Figure  69. — ALTERNATE-LEAVED  DOGWOOD        .         .        .        .137 

Figure  70. — FRINGE  TREE 139 

Figure  71. — CATALPA .         .     141 

Figures  72  and  73. — BLACK  HAW  and  SWEET  VIBURNUM     .         .     145 


Illustrations.  xi 

»AGB 

Figure  74, — STRIPED  MAPLE -     149 

Figure  75. — SUGAR  MAPLE 15  : 

Figure  76.— BLACK  MAPLE  .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .153 

Figure  77.— SILVER-LEAF  MAPLE          .        .        ,        .        .        .     155 
Figure  78. — RED  MAPLE       .        .        ...        .        .        .     157 

Figures  79,  80,  81,  and  82. — GRAY  PINE,  SCRUB  PINE,  TABLE 

MOUNTAIN  PINE,  and  RED  PINE 163 

Figures  83,  84,  and  85. — YELLOW,  PITCH,  and  WHITE  PINE        .     167 
Figures  86  and  87. — BLACK  SPRUCE  and  WHITE  SPRUCE      .        .169 

Figure  88. — NORWAY  SPRUCE 171 

Figure  89. — HEMLOCK .173 

Figures  90  and  91. — BALSAM  FIR  and  LARCH       .        .        .        .177 

Figures  92  and  93. — WHITE  CEDAR  and  ARBOR  VIT^B         .        .     179 
Figure  94. — RED  CEDAR       .       . ,    .    ..        .        .        .        .       -.183 

Figure  95. — AILANTHUS        .        ...        .        .        .        .187 

Figure  96. — LOCUST      .        .        . 189 

Figure  97. — KENTUCKY  COFFEE  TREE 191 

Figure  98. — HONEY  LOCUST 193 

Figure  99. — STAG-HORN  SUMACH 197 

Figure  too. — POISON  SUMACH 199 

Figure  101. — MOUNTAIN  ASH       .   .     * 201 

Figures  102  and  103. — BLACK  WALNUT  and  BUTTERNUT    .        .     205 

Figure  104. — SHAG-BARK 207 

Figure  105. — MOCKER-NUT  .         . 200 

Figure  106. — SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY 211 

Figure  107. — PiG-NuT 213 

Figure  108. — BITTER-NUT    .        »       V       .        .        .        «        .     215 
Figure  109.— ASH- LEAVED  MAPLE        .        .        .        ...    219 

Figure  no. — WHITE  ASH      .       .*        » 221 

Figure  in. — RED  ASH          ......         .         .     223 

Figure  112. — GREEN  ASH .    225 

Figure  113. — BLUE  ASH        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .     227 

Figure  114. — BLACK  ASH 229 

Figure  115. — SWEET  BUCKEYE 233 

Figure  116. — OHIO  BUCKEYE 235 


• 
• 


. 


PREFACE. 

"  C ,  if  you  and  I  were  to  meet  a  man  on  the 

street  and  ask  him  his  name,  he  could  tell- us.  I  wish  a 
tree  could  do  as  much.  Here  are  splendid  specimens  all 
around  us,  and  I  don't  know  one  of  them." 

"  Get  a  book  that  will  help  you." 

"  I  cannot  find  such  a  book.  I  can  find  no  book 
which,  in  simple  fashion,  will  so  describe  the  tree,  from 
its  foliage  and  bark  and  style,  that  I  can  recognize  it." 

"  Then  I  will  make  one  for  you." 


The  trees  described  in  the  following  pages  include 
all  the  native  trees  of  Canada  and  the  Northern  United 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Mention  has  also 
been  made  of  the  more  important  of  the  introduced  and 
naturalized  species.  The  work  has  been  so  arranged  that 
any  given  specimen  can  be  readily  found  by  help  of  the 
GUIDE  on  pages  i  and  2. 

My  chief  authority  for  the  geographical  distribution 
of  the  species  is  Sargent's  report  in  the  Tenth  Census 


xiv  Introductory  Note. 

of  the   United  States ;    for  the  scientific   nomenclature, 
Nath.  L.  Britton,  E.M.,  Ph.D. 

I  am  greatly  indebted  to  Professors  Thomas  C.  Porter, 
of  Lafayette  College,  and  N.  L.  Britton,  of  Columbia 
College,  for  valuable  aid  and  suggestions ;  also  to  Rev. 
S.  W.  Knipe,  of  Oceanic,  N.  J. 


INTRODUCTORY   NOTE. 

COLUMBIA  COLLEGE  HERBARIUM, 
NEW  YORK,  May  12,  1890. 

DEAR  SIRS  : — I  have  been  interested  in  glancing  over 
the  manuscript  of  Mr.  Newhall's  book  on  our  native 
trees,  and  am  much  pleased  to  learn  that  it  is  to  be 
published.  There  is  great  need  of  such  a  popular  work. 
It  will  do  much  good  in  supplying  information  to  our 
people  about  some  of  the  common  things  around  them, 
and  this  in  an  attractive  manner. 

Yours  very  truly, 

N.  L.  BRITTON. 


LIST  OF  GENERA. 


A—/ 

Magn6Ha        .     .     . 
Aslmma    .... 

PAGE 

.       6 

.       10 
12 

III  (a) 
Liriodendron       .    . 

J'AGE 
.        98 
.    IOI 

Larix  .  .  . 

PAGE 

Chamsecyparis  .  . 
Thuya  .... 
Junlperus  .  .  . 

.     178 

.  180 
.  181 

(V 
Liquidamber      .     . 

.  130 

12 

Diospyros      .     .     . 

Sassafras        . 

.     16 

.     18 

D—  I 

Ailanthus  .  .  . 
Roblnia  .... 
Gymnocladus  .  . 
Gledltschia  .  .  . 

II 
Rhus    .          ... 

.  186 
.  188 
.  190 
.  192 

.  106 

II 

Tilia 

22 

B—  / 
Cornus      .     .     .     . 

.  134 

Ilex 

27 

Chionanthus  . 
Catalpa     .     .     .     . 

// 
Viburnum      .     .     . 

Ill 
Acer     

.  138 

.  140 
.  144 

.   148 

Pyrus  

•      32 

•     34 

Amelanchier       .     . 
Oxydendrum       .     . 
Ulmus       .... 
Celtis  '  

.     40 
•     42 
.     44 
.     48 

Pyrus  

.  200 

Juglans  .... 
Hic6ria  .... 

.  203 
.  206 

Broussonetia       .     . 
Platanus    .... 

•     52 
•     53 

E—  /—  II 

Negiindo  .  .  . 
Fraxinus  .... 

.  218 

.   220 

Ostrya       .... 

•     55 
.     64 

c 

161 

Carplnus   .... 

.     66 
68 

Plcea    .          .    .     . 

.  168 

F 

.   33S 

Salix     

Tsuga  

Popolus     . 

.     84 

Abies  . 

GUIDE. 


-a 

a 

3 
O 

a. 

e 
s 

I 


For  explanation  of  all  terms  see  glossary  at  end  of  book. 

u   |"  edge  entire.         Go  to  /   under  A 

g   I       "  toothed.          "      77      "     A 

S|       «  1  K  j  ( Lobes,  entire.    Go  to  III  (a)  under  A 
*  (  'd  |  Lobes,  toothed.     "    III(b)      "     A 

edge  entire.       Go  to  7    under  B 


toothed. 


77 


B 


1       «     1  K  j  j  Lobes,  entire.    Go  to  III  (a)  under  B 
[  'd  ( Lobes,  toothed.     "    III(b)      "      B 


indeterminate.     Go  to  7  under  C 

entire.      Go  to  7   under  D 


/.  i- 

alternate 


j       (  enti 
,       edge  |  toothe(J         „  ff 


to  7   under  E 

77        "      E 


8  -S  j       (  entire.      Go  1 

[opposite,       edge|toothed         „ 

•*  "8   ( 
§  S"  "j  opposite,         edge  toothed.  Go  to  7    under  F 

„         W     I 


*NoTE. — The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple  leaf 
by  the  absence  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 


GUIDE   (Continued). 


NOTE. — Names  in  italics  are  given  also  under  another  division. 


A—/ 

III  (a) 

PAGE 

PAGE 

Magnolias      .     .     . 

.  6-8 

Tulip-tree      .     .     .     . 

98 

Papaw 

10 

Oaks     

IOI 

Gum,  sour     .     .     . 

.       12 

Sassafras       . 

18 

Judas-tree      .     .     . 

.       12 

Button-wood.     .     .     . 

53 

Persimmon    .     .     . 

.     16 

Sassafras  .           .     . 

18 

(>) 

Oak,  willow  .     .     . 
Dog-wood,  alt.  leaved 
Willow,  long-beaked 

.   126 
.   136 

.     78 

Gum,  sweet   .     .     .     . 
Poplar,  silver-leaf  .     . 
Mulberry  

130 
94 
50 

II 

Mulberry,  paper      .     . 

52 

Oaks    .          .          .     . 

IOI 

Basswoods      .     .     . 

22-24 

Hollies     .     .     4.    ./ 

24-26 

Cherries   .... 

27-28 

B  —  / 

Plum    

3° 

. 

Crab-apple     .     .     . 

•     32 

.Uog-wood,  flowering  . 
Fringe-tree    .     .     .     . 

134 
138 

Thorns     .... 

34-38 

Catalpa     

140 

Shad-bush 

.     40 

Sorrel-tree      .     .     . 

.     42 

II 

Elms    
Hackberry 
Mulberry  .... 

44-47 
.     48 
•     50 

Black  haw      .     .     .     . 
Viburnum,  sweet     .     . 

144 
146 

Mulberry,  paper      . 
Button-wood 

•     52 
•     53 

Ill  (a) 

Birches     .... 

55-62 

(*>) 

Hornbeam,  Hop     . 

.     64 

Hornbeam 

.     66 

Maples      ...     148 

-156 

Chestnut  .... 

.     68 

Beech  

70 

Willows    .... 

72-83 

C—  7 

Poplars     .... 

84-94 

Pines,   cedars,  spruce, 

Oaks,  chestnut  . 

.    IOI 

etc.  . 

160 

D— / 

PAGE 

Ailanthus  .  .  .  .186 
Locusts  .  .  .  188-190 
Coffee-tree,  Kentucky,  190 
Locust,  honey  .  .  .  192 
Sumach,  poison  .  .  198 

II 

Sumach,  staghorn  .  .196 
Ash,  mountain  .  .  .  200 
Walnut,  black  .  .  .203 
Butternut  ....  204 
Hickories .  .  .  206-214 
Locust,  honey  .  .  .  192 


E—  / 


Ash-leaved  maple    .     .218 
Ash,  black,  blue,  green, 
red,  and  white  .  220-228 


F— 7 

Buckeyes   .     .     .     232-234 
Horse-chestnut  ...  234 


DESCRIPTION  OF  TREES. 

NOTE  i. — Those  species  are  considered  trees  (in  dis- 
tinction from  shrubs)  which,  as  the  rule,  spring  from  the 
ground  with  a  single  branching  trunk. 

NOTE  2. — The  arrangement  of  the  illustrations  and 
descriptions  under  each  section  is  according  to  the  natural 
order  of  the  genera. 

NOTE  3. — In  using  the  guide  and  the  following  leaf- 
illustrations  it  should  be  remembered  that  leaves  from 
vigorous  young  sprouts  are  not  usually  the  best  specimens. 
It  is  seldom  that  two  leaves,  even  upon  the  same  mature 
branch,  exactly  agree ;  but  they  follow  the  type,  while 
often  the  younger  growth  varies  from  it. 

NOTE  4. — When  describing  the  trees,  items  that  are 
specially  helpful  in  determining  the  species  are  given  in 
italics. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


LEAVES   ALTERNATE 

(EDGE  ENTIRE) 
A   I 


Genus  MAGNOLIA,  L.  (Magnolia.) 

From  "  Magnol,"  the  name  of  a  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Fig.  i.— Cucumber  Tree,  Mountain  Magnolia.    M.  acuminbta,L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  long  oval.     Apex,  pointed.     Base,  pointed. 

Leaves,  five  to  ten  inches  long,  thin,  dark  green  above ; 
green  beneath  and  slightly  downy  ;  growing  along 
the  branch  and  not  simply  in  a  cluster  at  its  end. 

Bark,  dark  and  rough. 

Flowers,  three  to  six  inches  across,  bluish  or  yellowish- 
white,  abundant  and  fragrant.  May,  June. 

Fruit,  in  a  cylinder-shaped  bunch,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  and  somewhat  resembling  a  small  cucumber. 

Found,  in  rich  woods  from  Western  New  York  to  Southern 
Illinois  and  southward,  and  in  cultivation.      Its  finest 
growth  is  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains. 
A  tree  sixty  to  ninety  feet  high,  with  a  straight  trunk 

and  rich  foliage.     The  wood  is  durable,  soft,  and  light. 

Used   for  cabinet-work,  for  flooring,  for  pump-logs,  and 

water-troughs.     As  in  other  magnolias  the  juice  is  bitter 

and  aromatic. 

Fig.  2. — Sweet  Bay,  Swamp  Laurel,  Small  Magnolia.    M. 

glauca,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 
Outline,  long  oval  or  slightly  reverse  egg-shape.     Apext 
slightly  blunt-pointed.     Base,  pointed. 


Fig.  2 


Fig.  i. — Cucumber  Tree.    (M.  acuminata,  L.) 
Fig.  2.— Sweet  Bay.     (M.  glauca,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 

Leaf,  about  three  to  six  inches  long,  thick  and  smooth ; 
dark  green  and  polished  above  ;  white  below ;  the 
middle  rib  green  and  distinct ;  the  side  ribs  slight 
and  indistinct. 

Bark  of  trunk,  smoothish,  light  gray,  aromatic  and  bitter. 

Flowers,  large  (two  to  three  inches  wide),  white,  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  very  fragrant.  June,  July. 

Fruit,  bright  red  berries,  at  first  in  small  cone-like  clus- 
ters, then  hanging  by  slender  threads.  September. 

Found,  in  swampy  ground,  from  Massachusetts  southward, 
usually  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree  (often  a  bush),  four  to  twenty-five  feet 
high,  or  higher  southward,  where  its  leaves  are  evergreen. 
All  parts  of  the  tree  (and  it  is  the  same  with  the  other 
magnolias)  have  an  intensely  bitter,  aromatic  juice,  which 
is  stimulating  and  tonic. 

Fig-  3.— Umbrella  Tree,  Elkwood.    M.  tripttala,  L. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  long  oval  or  slightly  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex, 
short,  sharp-pointed.  Base,  pointed. 

Leaves,  twelve  to  thirty-six  inches  long,  six  to  eight  inches 
wide  ;  rather  dark  green  above  ;  lighter  beneath  ; 
silky  when  young,  but  soon  smooth  ;  growing  in 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Bark,  smoothish  and  light. 

Flowers,  seven  to  eight  inches  across,  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  white,  and  fragrant.  May,  June. 

Fruit,  in  a  cylinder-shaped  bunch,  four  to  five  inches 
long,  and  rose-colored  as  it  ripens. 


Fig.  3.— Umbrella  Tree.     (M.  tripetala,  L.) 

ONE    THIRD    NATURAL    SIZE. 


io  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves,         [A  i 

Found,  in  Southeastern  Pennsylvania  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  in  cultivation. 

A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  irregular 
branches,  and  light,  soft  wood.  As  in  other  magnolias 
the  juice  is  bitter  and  fragrant. 

Genus  AS  I M  IN  A,   Adans.      (Papaw.) 
Fig.  4. — Papaw,  Custard  Apple.     A.  trlloba  (L.),  Dunal. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  long,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed,  in  small 
leaves,  sometimes  rounded.  Base,  taper-pointed  or 
slightly  rounded. 

Leaf,  five  to  ten  inches  long,  thin,  rusty  downy  when 
young,  soon  becoming  smooth  and  polished. 

Bark,  silvery-gray,  smooth  and  polished  ;  young  shoots 
downy. 

Flowers,  one  and  a  half  inches  wide  ;  dark  to  light,  in 
sessile  blossom,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  March, 
April. 

Fruit,  about  three  inches  long  by  one  and  a  half  inches 
thick,  egg-shape,  yellow,  about  ten-seeded,  fragrant, 
sweet,  and  edible.  October. 

Found,  from  Western  New  York  to  Southern  Iowa  and 
southward. 

A  small  tree  of  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised,  ten  to 
twenty  feet  high  (or  often  only  a  bush)  and  densely 
clothed  with  its  long  leaves. 


Fig.  4. — Papaw.     A.  trlloba  (L.),  Dunal. 

LEAF,   NATURAL  SIZE.     FRUIT,   TWO  THIRDS   NATURAL  SIZE. 


1 2  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 

Genus  CERCIS,  L.     (Red  Bud.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "shuttle,"  because  of  the  shuttle-shaped  pod. 

Fig.  5.— Red  Bud,  Judas  Tree.    C.  Canadtnsis,  L. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 
Outline,  round  heart-shape.     Apex,  tapering  and  rather 

blunt,  sometimes  with  a  short  bristle.     Base,  heart 

shape. 
Leaf -stem,  smooth  and  swollen  at  each  end  into  a  sort  of 

knob. 
Leaf,  usually  about  four  to  five  inches  long  and  wide  ;  rather 

thin  ;  smooth  above  and  below  ;  with  seven  prominent 

ribs  radiating  from  the  end  of  the  leaf-stem. 
Flowers,  reddish,  acid,  usually  abundant  in  small  clusters 

along   the  branches  ;    appearing   before   the   leaves. 

March  to  May. 
Fruit,  a  small,  many-seeded,  flat  pod,  winged  along  the 

seed-bearing  seam.     Seeds,  reverse  egg-shape. 
Found,  in  rich  soil,  Western  Pennsylvania,  westward  and 

southward.     Common  in  cultivation. 
A  small  and  fine  ornamental  tree,  with  long,  flat-leaved 
branches. 

The  name  "Judas  tree"  is  traditional.  "This  is  the 
tree  whereon  Judas  did  hang  himself,  and  not  the  elder 
tree,  as  it  is  said." 

Genus  NYSSA,  L.     (Sour  Gum.) 

From  the  name  of  a  water  nymph,  because  of  the  location  of  the  original  species. 

Fig.  6.— Sour  Gum,    Black  Gum,    Pepperidge,  Tupelo.      N. 

sylvatica,  Marsh. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 
Outline,    oval     or    reverse    egg-shape.       Apex,    pointed. 

Base,  pointed. 
Leaf-stem,  slightly  hairy  when  young. 


Fig.  5.— Red  Bud.    (C.  Canadensis,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


14  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 

Leaf,  two  to  five  inches  long ;  usually  about  half  as  broad  ; 
dark  green  and  very  shining  above,  especially  when 
old  ;  light  green  and  shining  below  ;  thick,  tough, 
and  firm.  Middle  rib  slightly  hairy  when  young  ; 
side  ribs  rather  indistinct  and  curved. 

Bark,  grayish  and  often  broken  into  short  sections. 

Fertile  flowers,  small,  in  clusters  of  three  to  eight  on 
slender  stems.  April,  May. 

Fruit,  nearly  one  half  inch  long  ;  bluish-black  when  ripe  ; 
egg-shape  or  oval  ;  acid  and  rather  bitter  until 
"frosted."  Stone,  oval,  somewhat  pointed  at  each 
end,  slightly  flattened,  and  with  three  or  four  blunt 
ridges  on  each  side.  September. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  to  Michigan,  and  southward 

to  Florida  and  Texas. 
A  tree  twenty  to  forty  feet  high  (larger  southward), 

with  flat,  horizontal  branches.     The  wood,  even  in  short 

lengths,  is  very  difficult  of  cleavage,  and  so  is  well  fitted 

for  beetles,  hubs  of  wheels,  pulleys,  etc.      Its  leaves  are 

the  first  to  ripen  in  the  fall,  changing  (sometimes  as  early 

as  August)  to  a  bright  crimson. 

I  was  commenting,  one  day,  to  a  reverend  doctor  and 
professor  on  the  frequent  reference  to  this  tree  in  stories 
and  anecdotes  of  Southern  life,  when  he  fluently  quoted  : 

"  Possum  up  a  gum-tree, 
Cooney  in  de  holler, 
Nigger  in  de  corn-field, 
Don't  yer  hear  him  holler." 

A  better  version  changes  the  last  two  lines  : 

"  Possum  up  de  gum-tree, 
Cooney  in  de  hollar. 
Fetch  him  down,  little  boy, 
Give  yer  half  a  dollar." 

The  professor  added  the  explanation  that  the  opossums 
climb  the  tree  in  search  of  its  fruit. 


Fig.  6. — Sour  Gum.     (N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


1 6  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         IA  J 

Genus  DIOSPYROS,   L.     (Persimmon.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  fruit  of  Jove. 

Fig.  7. — Persimmon.    D,  Virginibna,  L. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  '  Apex,  pointed. 
Base,  pointed  or  rounded. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long,  thickish  ;  dark  and 
smooth,  usually  shining,  above ;  below  dull,  with  the 
ribs  curved  and  irregular  and  minutely  downy.  On 
the  upper  surface  the  ribs  are  quite  indistinct,  except 
as  the  leaf  is  held  toward  the  light  when  they  appear 
almost  transparent.  In  the  same  position  the  leaf  is 
seen  also  to  be  edged  with  a  slight  delicate  fringe 
(appearing  in  the  dried  leaf  like  a  line  of  yellow 
light). 

Bark  of  trunk  dark  and  rough. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow  and  small,  at  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stems.  June. 

Fruit,  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  rounded,  nearly  stem- 
less,  orange-red  when  ripe,  with   about  eight  large 
flat  seeds.     After  frost  it  is  of  very  pleasant  flavor 
before,  exceedingly  "  puckery." 

Found,  from  Connecticut  southward  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward to  Southeastern  Iowa. 

A  tree  twenty  to  sixty  feet  high ;  sometimes,  at  the 
South,  more  than  one  hundred  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
hard  and  close-grained  ;  the  bark  tonic  and  astringent 


Fig.  7.— Persimmon.     (D.  Virginiana,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


1 8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 

Genus  SASSAFRAS,  Nees.     (Sassafras.) 

Fig.  8. — Sassafras.    S.  offitinale,  Nees. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE  OR  LOBED. 

Outline,  when  the  edge  is  entire  usually  oval  or  egg- 
shape  ;  when  lobed  usually  broader  and  reverse  egg- 
shape.  Base,  pointed  or  wedge-shape.  Apex  of  the 
leaf  or  of  the  lobes  rounded  or  slightly  blunt-pointed. 

Leaf,  variable  in  size,  dark,  thin,  smooth  ;  rather  shining 
above ;  the  lobes,  when  present,  two  or  three  in 
number  and  usually  more  or  less  bulging,  with  the 
hollows  always  rounded. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  in  clusters.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  oval,  one-seeded,  blue,  with  a  reddish,  club-shaped 
stem  ;  pungent. 

Bark,  obliquely  and  curiously  furrowed  and  broken,  gray 
without,  reddish  within  ;  young  twigs  yellowish. 

Found,  from  Southwestern  Vermont,  southward  and  west- 
ward. 

A  tree  fifteen  to  fifty  feet  high  with  light  and  soft 
wood.  All  parts  of  the  tree  have  a  pleasant,  spicy  taste 
and  fragrance.  From  the  bark  of  the  roots  a  powerful 
aromatic  stimulant  is  obtained. 


NOTE. — See  Alternate-leaved  Dogwood,  with  its  genus    Section  B.  /.,  p.  136 
NOTE. — See   Willow  Oaks,  with  their  eenus.  Section  A.  ///,  (a}   pp.  126-128 


Fig.  8.— Sassafras.     (S.  officinale,  Nees.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH   SIMPLE  LEAVES 
LEAVES    ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE    TOOTHED) 
A   II 


Genus  TILIA,   L.      (Basswood.) 

Fig.  9. — Basswood,    American    Linden,   Whitewood,    Lime 

Tree,  Bee  Tree.     T,  Americana,  L. 

Leaves,    SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE    SOMEWHAT    IRREGU- 
LARLY   VERY    SHARP-TOOTHED. 
Outline,  rounded,  often  very  one-sided.     Apex,  pointed. 

Base,  strongly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf,  usually  about  three  to  four  inches  wide,  four  to  five 
inches  long ;  sometimes  much  larger ;  rather  thick, 
very  smooth  and  shining  above  ;  with  small  tufts  of 
reddish  hairs  in  the  angles  of  the  ribs  below  ;  and 
often  with  the  ribs  themselves  hairy. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  very  thick ;  on  the  young  branches 

dark  brown. 

Fruit,  gray-downy,  ovate,  the  size  of  small  peas,  clustered 
on  a  long  stem  of  which  the  lower  half  is  joined  to 
half  the  length  of  a  narrow,  leaf-like  bract,  usually 
with  a  tapering  base. 

Found,  in  rich  woods,  from  British  America  southward  to 
Virginia  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and 
westward. 

A  straight-trunked  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high  (often 
unbranching  to  half  its  height)  and  two  to  four  feet  in 
diameter.  Its  very  tough  inner  bark  is  used  for  mats  and 
coarse  rope.  The  wood  is  white  and  soft  and  clear  of 
knots.  It  is  much  used  for  wooden  ware,  in  cabinet-work, 
and  for  the  panelling  of  carriages,  though  now  less  es- 
teemed than  the  tulip  tree  for  these  uses,  owing  to  its 
liability  to  crack  in  bending. 


9- — Basswood.    (T.  Americana,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


24  Trees  with,  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

White  Basswood,  Wahoo.     T.  heteropJiylla,  Vent. 

This  species  differs  from  T.  Americana  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 
Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long ;  deep  green  and   shining 

above,  beneath  velvety  and  silvery  white  with  purplish 

ribs. 
Found,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia 

and  westward. 
Height,  usually  twenty  to  thirty  feet 


71  pubescens,Ait.,  differs  chiefly  from  T.  Americana  in 

these  particulars  : 

Leaves,  smaller  (two  to  three  inches  long),  thinner,  and 
somewhat  downy  beneath. 

Fruit,  rounded,  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  with  the  base  of  the  leaf-like  bract  to  which  it 
is  attached  usually  rounded  at  the  base. 

Found,  New  York  to  Florida  and  westward. 


The  cultivated  European  Linden  [T.  Europsea]  resem- 
bles the  Basswood  in  its  foliage,  but  the  tree  is  smaller 
(about  forty  feet  high)  and  with  a  pyramid-shaped  top. 

Genus  ILEX,  L.     (Holly.) 

Fig.  10. — American  Holly.    I.  opaca,  Ait. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  WITH  REMOTE,  VERY 
SHARP  SPINE-LIKE  TEETH,  with  rounded  spaces  between. 

Outline,  oval.     Apex  and  base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  about  two  inches  long  ;  dark  polished  green  above  ; 
below  rather  yellowish-green  ;  thick  and  stiff;  smooth 
throughout ;  ribs  very  indistinct  below. 


Fig.  11 


Fig.  io.— American  Holly.     (I.  opaca,  Ait.) 
Fig.  ii. — I.  monticola. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


26  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Bark,  light  gray  and  smooth. 

Fruit,  a  nearly  round,  bright-red  berry,  the  size  of  a  pea. 

It    ripens    in    September    and    continues    upon    the 

branches  into  the  winter. 
Found,  from  Massachusetts  southward  near  the  coast  to 

Florida,  and  from  Southern  Indiana  southwest,  and 

southward  to  the  Gulf. 

An  evergreen  tree,  ten  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  a 
compact  head  of  spreading  branches.  Its  wood  is  easily 
worked,  white,  of  fine  grain,  and  light  in  weight. 


The  use  of  holly  and  other  evergreens  in  religious 
ceremonies  dates  from  pagan  times.  "  Trummying  of  the 
temples  with  floures,  boughes,  and  garlondes,  was  taken 
of  the  heathen  people,  whiche  decked  their  idols  and 
houses  with  suche  array."  Early  church  councils  made  rules 
and  restrictions  concerning  the  practice — e.g.,  in  France 
Christians  were  forbidden  "  to  decke  up  their  houses  with 
lawrell,  yvie,  and  green  boughes  in  the  Christmas  season," 
for  "  Hedera  est  gratissima  Baccho"* 

Fig.   II. — Ilex  monficola,  Gray. 

This  is  usually  regarded  as  a  shrub,  "but  it  not  seldom 
attains  the  size  and  exhibits  the  port  of  a  small  tree  " — (T. 
C.  Porter).  It  differs  from  I.  opaca  chiefly  in  these  items  : 

Leaves,  not  evergreen  ;  egg-shape  or  long  oval,  rather 
thin  with  edge  finely  toothed,  and  apex  taper-pointed. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  in  the  Catskill  and  Tahonic  Moun- 
tains, and  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York ; 
through  Pennsylvania  as  far  east  as  Northampton 
County,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. 

*  The  ivv  is  most  acceptable  to  Bacchus. 


Rdge   Tootked.  27 

Genus  PRUNUS   L.  (Cherry,  Plum.) 
Fig  12. — Wild  Black  Cherry,  Rum  Cherry.     P.  serbtina,  Ehr. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  TOOTHED  (with  the 
points  of  the  teeth  so  incurved  as  to  appear  blunt), 
and  often  finely  "  crinkled." 

Outline,  usually  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed.  Apex,  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  usually  with  two  to  five  tooth-like  glands  near 
the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Leaf,  two  to  five  inches  long  ;  thickish  ;  polished,  and  of 
a  deep  shining  green  above ;  beneath,  lighter  and 
smooth,  with  the  middle  rib  sometimes  downy  toward 
the  base.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  to  orange, 
and  later  to  a  pale  yellow. 

Bark  of  old  trunks,  blackish  and  rough ;  of  young  trunks 
and  on  the  larger  branches,  reddish  or  purplish 
brown  ;  marked  with  scattered  lines  ;  on  young 
shoots,  at  first  green  or  olive  brown,  gradually  be- 
coming darker,  and  sprinked  with  small  orange  dots. 

Flowers,  white,  with  short  stems,  closely  set  in  a  long, 
cylinder-shaped  cluster.  May,  June. 

Fruit,  about  one  quarter  inch  in  diameter ;  with  short 
stems  (one  quarter  to  one  third  inch)  hanging  in 
long,  close  clusters  from  the  ends  of  the  twigs.  It 
is  nearly  black  when  ripe,  and  of  a  pleasant  flavor 
though  somewhat  bitter ;  it  is  eagerly  eaten  by  the 
birds.  August. 

Found,  very  widely  distributed  north,  south,  and  west.  It 
reaches  its  finest  growth  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains. 


28  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [AH 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
light  and  hard,  of  a  brown  or  reddish  tinge,  becoming 
darker  with  exposure,  and  of  very  great  value  in  cabinet- 
work and  interior  finish.  It  is  now  becoming  scarce,  so 
that  stained  birch  is  often  used  as  a  substitute.  The 
bitter  aromatic  bark  is  used  as  a  valuable  tonic  ;  "  cherry 
brandy  "  is  made  from  the  fruit. 

Fig.   13.  — Wild    Red    Cherry,    Bird    Cherry,    Pin    Cherry. 
P.  Pennsylvania,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE,  or  alternate  in  pairs ;  EDGE 

FINELY  AND  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  grooved  above. 

Leaf,  two  to  six  inches  long,  shining  and  smooth  and  of 
about  the  same  shade  of  green  on  both  sides. 

Bark,  reddish-brown  and  smooth,  with  swollen,  rusty- 
colored  dots,  and  usually  stripping,  like  that  of  the 
garden  cherry,  around  the  trunk. 

Flowers,  white,  on  stems  about  one  inch  or  more  in 
length,  in  nearly  stemless  clusters.  May. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  large  pea,  light  red,  on  long  stems 
(about  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long),  sour,  in 
clusters  of  two  to  five  at  the  sides  of  the  branches, 
and  usually  from  the  base  of  the  leaf-stems  ;  seldom 
abundant.  July. 

Found,  Common   in   all  northern   forests.     In    Northern 
New  England  it  quickly   occupies  burned-out  pine 
regions. 
A  slender   tree,   usually   twenty   to    twenty-five    feet 

high,  of  no  value  as  timber. 


Fig.  13 


Fig.  12.— Wild  Black  Cherry.    (P.  serdtina,  Ehr.) 
Fig-  I3-— Wild  Red  Cherry.    (P.  Pennsylvanica.  L). 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


30  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves. 


Fig.  14.— Wild  Plum,  Canada  Plum,  Horse  Plum.    P.  Ameri- 
cana, Marsh. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  SHARP-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper- 
pointed.  Base,  pointed  or  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  one  fourth  .to  one  half  inch  long,  smooth, 
reddish,  usually  with  two  small  wart-like  glands  on 
the  raised  border  near  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long ;  smooth  when  mature ; 
"  net-veined,"  with  distinct  furrows  over  the  ribs ; 
somewhat  downy  on  the  ribs  and  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk  very  dark  reddish-green  or  bronze-green, 
resembling  that  of  a  cherry-tree. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  inch  in  diameter  ;  broad 
oval ;  yellow,  orange,  or  red  ;  with  a  thick  and  acid 
skin  and  a  pleasant  flavor.  August. 

Stone,  slightly  flattened,  and  with  both  edges  winged  and 
sharp. 

Found,  from  Canada  southward  to  Florida  and  westward, 
and  often  in  cultivation. 

A  small  tree  (sometimes  a  bush),  eight  to  twenty  feet 
high,  with  hard,  reddish  wood.  In  cultivation  it  forms 
an  excellent  stock  on  which  to  graft  the  domestic  plums. 


Fig.  14.— Wild  Plum.     (P.  Americana,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


32  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  n 

Genus  PYRUS  L.  (Apple,  Mt.  Ash.) 

NOTE.     (See  others  of  same  genus,  Sec.  D,  77.) 

Fig.  15. — Crab-Apple.     P.  coronciria,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  DISTINCTLY  TOOTHED 
WHEN  MATURE  ;  sometimes  nearly  three-lobed. 

Outline,  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  very  slender,  downy. 

Leaf,  about  two  to  three  inches  long,  two  thirds  as  wide, 
smooth. 

Flowers,  large ;  rose-colored  and  white,  in  loose  clusters 
of  five  to  ten  blossoms,  and  very  fragrant.  May. 

Fruit,  round,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter ; 
yellowish,  fragrant,  hard,  and  sour  ;  fit  only  for  pre- 
serving. 

Found,  from  Ontario  to  Western  New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  District  of  Columbia ;  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  and  westward. 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  rarely  thirty 
feet,  gaining  its  finest  growth  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower 
Ohio.  Often  its  presence  is  recognized  before  it  is  seen 
by  means  of  the  delightful  fragrance  of  its  blossoms. 


The  Narrow-leaved  Crab- Apple (P.  angustifolia,  Ait.) 
is  sometimes,  though  very  seldom,  found  as  far  north  as 
Southern  Pennsylvania. 

Its  leaves  are  narrower  and  its  fruit  and  flowers 
smaller  than  in  the  northern  species. 


FiS-  IS«— Crab-Apple.    (P.  coroiuLria,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


34  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       I  A  n 

Genus  CRATVEGUS,  L.     (Thorn.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  strength. 

Fig.  16.— White  Thorn,   Scarlet-fruited  Thorn,   Red  Haw. 

C.  coccinea,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  (and  in  alternate  bunches)  ; 

EDGE    UNEVENLY    SHARP-TOOTHED    (with    five    to    nine 

deep  cuts  almost  forming  small  lobes). 

Outline,  rounded  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  usu- 
ally slightly  pointed,  but  often  blunt  or  slightly 
heart-shape. 

Leaf-stem,  slender  and  often  with  small  wart-like  glands. 

Leaf,  usually  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long, 
but  of  variable  size  on  the  same  tree  ;  thin  ;  smooth  ; 
shining. 

Branchlets,  greenish,  or  whitish  and  shining,  as  though 
washed  with  silver.  Thorns,  one  to  two  inches  long, 
stout,  often  whitish,  usually  slightly  curved. 

Flowers,  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  across ;  white  (often 
with  a  rosy  tinge)  ;  twelve  or  so  in  a  bunch  ;  with  a 
strong  and  rather  disagreeable  odor.  May. 

Fruit,  nearly  one  half  inch  in  diameter ;  rounded  or  egg- 
shape  ;  bright  red  ;  with  thin  pulp  and  one  to  five 
stones  ;  somewhat  edible.  September. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  southward  to  Northern 
Florida  and  Eastern  Texas. 

A  low  tree  (or  often  a  bush),  ten  to  twenty  feet  high, 
with  crooked,  spreading  branches ;  very  common  at  the 
North  ;  rare  in  the  South. 


Fig.  17 


Fig.  16. — White  Thorn  and  Fruit.    (C.  cocclnea,  L^ 
Fig.  17. — Black  Thorn.    (C.  tomentdsa,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


36  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

A  variety  with  its  leaves  downy,  at  least  on  the  under 
side,  and  with  its  red  fruit  large  and  downy  (var.  mollis), 
is  found  from  Central  Michigan  southward  and  westward. 

Fig.  17. — Black  Thorn,  Pear  Thorn.     C.  tomenibsa,  L. 
Leaves,    SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE    SHARPLY    AND    UN- 
EQUALLY TOOTHED  (sometimes  with  quite  deep  and 
sharp  cuts,  almost  forming  small  lobes). 

Outline,  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  slightly  pointed. 
Base,  tapering  in  a  hollow  curve  and  along  the  sides 
of  the  leaf-stem  to  a  point. 

Leaf-stem,  bordered  by  the  leaf,  to  its  base. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  five  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  to 
three  inches  wide  ;  upper  surface  smoothish,  and  fur- 
rowed above  the  ribs  ;  under  surface  downy,  at  least 
when  young  ;  rather  thick  ;  permanently  downy  on 
the  ribs.  Thorns,  one  to  two  inches  long. 

Bark  of  trunk,  smooth  and  gray.  New  twigs,  light 
greenish-brown. 

Flowers,  often  one  inch  across ;  white  ;  eight  to  twelve  in 
a  cluster ;  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  fragrant. 
May,  June. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter ;  round  or  pear- 
shaped  ;  orange-red  or  crimson  ;  edible.  October. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  Western  Florida, 
and  from  Eastern  Texas  far  westward.  Common. 

A  thickly  branching  tree  (or  often  a  shrub)  eight  to 
twenty  feet  high  ;  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the 
American  Thorns.  It  varies  greatly  in  size,  and  in  the 
style  of  its  fruit  and  leaves. 


Fig.  18.— Common  Thorn.    (C.  punctata,  Jac.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


38  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Fig.  18. — Common  Thorn,  Dotted-fruited  Thorn.     C.  puncthta, 

Jac. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  UNEVENLY  SHARP- 
TOOTHED  ABOVE  THE  MIDDLE  ;  sometimes,  toward  the 
apex  deeply  cut. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  usually  slightly  pointed. 
Base,  strongly  wedge-shape,  tapering  from  above  the 
middle  of  the  leaf  and  along  the  leaf-stem  to  a  point 

Leaf-stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  slender,  and  winged 
by  the  tapering  leaf. 

Leaf,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long ;  about  as 
wide  ;  light  green  ;  rather  thick  ;  downy  when  young ; 
when  mature,  smooth  and  dull,  or  sometimes  hairy 
below,  especially  on  the  ribs.  Ribs,  very  straight 
below ;  above,  marked  by  deep  furrows.  Thorns,  one 
to  two  inches  long,  stout  and  curved,  or  often  wanting. 

Bark,  rough. 

Flowers,  white ;  eight  to  fifteen  in  somewhat  leafy  bun- 
ches. May. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter,  or  more ;  usually 
dull  red  or  yellow,  with  whitish  dots  ;  round  ;  some- 
what edible.  September. 

Found,   from   New   Brunswick  and  Vermont  southward 

and  westward. 
A    thick,  wide-spreading  tree,  twelve    to   twenty- five 

feet  high. 

Fig.  19. — Cockspur  Thorn.     C.  crus-galli,  L. 

Leaves,   SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE,    SHARPLY   TOOTHED 

ABOVE  J    ENTIRE  BELOW. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  usually  rounded, 
sometimes  pointed.  Base,  tapering  to  a  point,  quite 
variable. 

Leaf -stem,  short. 


Fig.   19.— Cockspur  Thorn.    (C.  crus-galli,  L.) 

NATURAL    StZK. 


40  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [AH 

Leaf,  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  half  to  three 
quarters  as  wide ;  dark  green  ;  thick,  smooth,  very 
shining  above.  Thorns,  two  to  three  inches  long, 
rather  slender  and  straight. 

Flowers,  white ;  fragrant ;  in  bunches  of  about  fifteen 
blossoms,  on  very  short  side  branchlets.  June. 

Fruit,  about  one  third  inch  in  diameter  ;  pear-shaped  or 
round ;  red  remaining  on  the  tree  during  the  winter. 

Found,  along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  westward,  and  from 
Vermont,  southward  and  westward  ;  not  common. 

A  small,  thick-branching  tree,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high. 
It  is  the  best  species  of  thorn  for  hedges. 


Var.  pyracanthifblia  has   a  somewhat  narrower  leaf 
and  longer  leaf-stem. 

Genus  AMELANCHIER,  Medik.     (June-berry.) 

Fig.  20. — Shad-bush,  June-berry.  Service  Tree.     A.  Cana&nsii 
fL.),  Medik. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;   ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE   VERY    SHARPLY    ANP 

FINELY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  oval,  long  egg-shape,  or  reverse  egg-shape, 
Apex,  sometimes  bristle-pointed.  Base,  slightly  heart- 
shaped  or  rounded. 

Leaf,  usually  two  to  three  inches  long,  somewhat  downy 
when  young,  afterward  very  smooth  above  and  below. 

Bark  of  branches  and  twigs  usually  purplish-brown  and 
very  smooth. 

Flowers,  large,  white,  in  long  and  loose  clusters  at  the 
^.nds  of  the  branchlets  ;  appearing  before  the  leaves. 
April,  May. 


Fig.  20.— Shad-bush.    A.  Canadfensis  (L.),  Medik. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


42  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [AII 

Fruit,  berry-like,  round,  purplish,  sweet,  and  edible.   June. 

Found,  in    woods   and   along   streams ;   common  at  the 
North  ;  rare  in  the  South. 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  thirty  feet  high,  or  in  some  of  its 
numerous  forms  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  noticeable  and 
showy  in  early  spring  because  of  its  flowers. 


The  variety  A.  C.  oblongifilia,  T.  and  G.,  differs  some- 
what from  the  above  in  the  dimensions  of  the  flowers  and 
flower  clusters,  etc. 

The  name  "shad-bush"  is  given  because  the  trees 
blossom  about  the  time  that  the  shad  "run." 

Genus  OXYDENDRUM,  D.  C.  (Sorrel  Tree.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  sour  and  tree. 

Fig.  21.— Sorrel  Tree,  Sour  Wood.    O.  arbbreum  (L.)t  D.  C. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  oval.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly 
pointed. 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a 
half  inches  wide,  soon  becoming  smooth,  with  a 
decided  acid  taste  (whence  the  name). 

Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  deeply  furrowed. 
Flowers,  white,  in  loose  and  long  one-sided  clusters. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  southward,  chiefly 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  usually  in  dry, 
gravelly  soil. 

A  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  hard,  close- 
grained  wood,  which  is  used  for  the  handles  of  tools,  the 
bearings  of  machinery,  etc. 


Fig.  21. — Sorrel  Tree.      O.  arbdreura  (L.),  D.  C. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


44  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Genus  ULMUS,  L.  (Elm.) 

Fig.  22.— White  Elm.     U.  Americana,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE  SHARPLY  AND  OFTEN 

DOUBLY    TOOTHED. 

Otitline,  oval   or   egg-shaped,    or   inversely    egg-shaped ; 

always  one-sided. 
Base,   rounded,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  rarely  pointed 

Apex,  taper-pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  quarter  inch  long.     Buds,  smooth. 
Leaf,  usually  two  to  five  inches  long,  and  one  and  a  half 

to  two  and  a  half  wide  ;    somewhat   downy   when 

young,    afterward    roughish   below ;     above,    either 

rough  in  one  direction,  or  (especially  if  taken  from 

the  ends  of  the  long  branches)  smooth  and  shining. 

The  ribs  prominent  and  straight. 
Bark  of  the  branches  not  marked  with  "  corky  ridges  "  ; 

branchlets,  smooth. 
Seeds,   flat  egg-shaped  or   oval,    winged    and  fringed  all 

around.      Last  of  May. 
Found,  northward  to  Southern  Newfoundland  ;  southward 

to  Florida;  westward  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota. 

Toward  the  western   and  southwestern   limits   it  is 

found  only  in  the  river-bottom  lands. 
One  of  the  very  noblest  of  American  trees,  eighty  feet 
or  more  in  height,  and  of  strong  and  graceful  proportions. 
The  trunk  divides  at  a  slight  angle  into  two  or  three  arch- 
ing limbs,  and  these  again  into  many  smaller  curving  and 
drooping  branches.  The  trunk  and  the  larger  branches 
are  often  heavily  fringed  with  short  and  leafy  boughs. 

The  tree  is  widely  cultivated.  Streets  planted  with  it 
become  columned  and  arched  like  the  aisles  of  a  Gothic 
cathedral. 

The  wood  is  hard,  and  very  tough  from  the  interlacing 
of  its  fibres.  It  is  used  in  making  saddle-trees  and  for 


Fig.  22.— White  Elm.     (U.  Americana,  L.) 
Fig.  23.— Slippery  Elm.     (U.  fulva,  Michaux.) 


NATURATL    SIZK. 


46  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

wheel-hubs,  and  is  now  largely  exported  to   England  to 
be  used  in  boat-  and  ship-building. 

One  day  I  found  four  men  in  a  stone  quarry,  working 
with  iron  bars  and  rollers  over  a  heavy  flat  slab.  They 
were  moving  the  stone  slowly  up  a  narrow  plank  into 
their  cart.  "John,"  I  said,  "  I  would  not  think  that  board 
could  hold  a  stone  of  such  weight  two  minutes.  Is  it 
hickory?"  "  No  sir,"  said  John,  "that  's  an  elm  plank; 
it  can't  break."  It  did  not  break. 

It  was  one  of  the  woods  which  the  Deacon  used  in 
building  his  famous  "  one-hoss  shay  "  : 

"  So  the  deacon  inquired  of  the  village  folk 
Where  he  could  find  the  strongest  oak, 
That  could  n't  be  split  nor  bent  nor  broke, — 
That  was  for  spokes  and  floor  and  sills  ; 
He  sent  for  lancewood  to  make  the  thills  ; 
The  cross-bars  were  ash,  from  the  straightest  trees  ; 
The  panels  of  whitewood,  that  cuts  like  cheese, 
But  lasts  like  iron  for  things  like  these  ; 
The  hubs  of  logs  from  the  '  Settler's  Ellum,' — 
Last  of  its  timber, — they  could  n't  sell  'em, 
Never  an  axe  had  seen  their  chips, 
And  the  wedges  flew  from  between  their  lips, 
Their  blunt  ends  frizzled  like  celery -tips  j  " 

— OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES. 

Corky  White  Elm.  U.  racembsa,  Thomas. 
In  foliage  and  shape  and  in  the  qualities  of  its  timber 
this  tree  very  closely  resembles  the  white  elm.  A  very 
noticeable  difference  is  in  its  branches,  which  are  often 
marked  lengthwise  with  many  large,  corky,  almost  winged 
ridges.  Its  seeds  resemble  but  are  rather  larger  than 
those  of  the  white  elm. 

Found,  from  Southwestern  Vermont  through  Western 
New  York  and  Southern  Michigan  to  Northeastern 
Iowa,  and  southward  through  Ohio  to  Central  Ken- 
tucky. Its  finest  growth  is  in  Southern  Michigan. 


Leaves  Alternate.  47 

Fig.  23. — Slippery  Elm,  Red  Elm.     U.fulva,  Michaux,  L.  rubra, 
Michaux,f. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERI  *.TE  ;  EDGE  SHARPLY  AND  DOUBLY 
TOOTHED. 

Outline,  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  eighth  inch  long,  stout  and  rough. 
Buds  hairy. 

Leaf,  four  to  seven  inches  long,  three  to  four  inches  wide. 
The  upper  surface  is  rough  both  ways,  and  very  rough 
downwards,  almost  like  a  fine  file.  The  under  sur- 
face is  slightly  rough. 

The  ribs  beneath  are  prominent  and  straight,  and  hairy 
in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  the  larger  branches,  brownish  ;  branchlets,  light- 
gray  and  very  rough,  becoming  grayish-purple.  The 
inner  bark  is  very  gummy  and  "slippery" 

Seeds,  flat,  round,  winged,  but  not  fringed.      Last  of  May. 

Found,  along  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  to  Ontario,  and 
from  Western  New  England  westward  and  south- 
ward ;  in  woods  and  along  streams. 

A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high.  Its  wood  is  hard 
and  strong,  but  splits  easily  when  dry.  Though  otherwise 
inferior,  for  posts  it  is  superior  to  white  elm.  Its  inner 
bark  is  sold  by  druggists  as  "  slippery  elm,"  and  is  nutri- 
tious and  medicinal.  Its  name  of  red  elm  is  due  to  the 
reddish-brown  tinge  of  its  large  rounded  and  hairy  buds 
in  the  spring. 

The  English  Elm  [U.  campestris,  L.]  was  introduced 
early,  and  is  often  found  in  cultivation.  It  differs  from 
the  white  elm,  especially  in  these  items  : 

Leaves,  usually  smaller,  and  more  closely  placed  upon  the 
branch. 


48  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Bark,  darker  and  much  more  broken. 

Branches,  compact  and  more  or  less  horizontal  and  straight 

to  their  ends,  instead  of  arching  and  drooping, 
Seeds,  resembling  in  shape  those  of  the  slippery  elm. 

The  tree  is  sometimes  seen  sixty  to  seventy  feet  highc 
but  usually  is  much  smaller.  Like  all  the  elms  it  is  of 
rapid  growth. 

Genus  CELTIS,  L.     (Hackberry.) 

An  ancient  name  for  the  Lotus. 

Fig.  24.— Hackberry,  Sugar  Berry.     C.  occidentals,  L. 

Leaves,   SIMPLE  ;   ALTERNATE  ;   EDGE   SHARP-TOOTHED,   but 

entire  at  the  base. 
Outline,    obliquely    egg-shaped,    very    one-sided.      Apex, 

taper-pointed.     Base,  usually  somewhat  heart-shaped, 

or  slightly  pointed  or  rounded. 
Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one  to  two  inches  wide ; 

rough. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  rough  ;  sometimes  much  crumpled. 
Fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  pea ;  solitary  ;  drooping  from 

the  bases  of  the  leaf-stems,  on  stems  once  or  twice  as 

long  as  the  leaf-stems ;  rounded ;  pulp  thin,  sweet, 

and  edible  ;  purplish  red  ;  ripe  in  September. 
Found,  from  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  westward  and 

southward. 

A  tree  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  high  (but  much  larger  at 
the  South),  most  common,  and  reaching  its  finest  growth 
in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  very  variable  in  size 
and  in  the  shape  and  texture  of  its  leaves. 


Variety  crassifblia  is  sometimes  found,  in  which  the 
leaves  are  thicker  and  usually  toothed  all  around. 


Fig.  24.— Hackberry.    (C.  occidentalis,  L.) 


NATURAL  SIZE. 


50  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Geni;s  MORUS,  L.  (Mulberry.) 
Fig.  25. — Red  Mulberry.    M.  rubra,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  COARSELY  AND  SOME- 
WHAT IRREGULARLY  TOOTHED  ;  or,  at  times,  unequally 
and  very  variously  TWO-  TO  THREE-LOBED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  long  pointed  (when  there  are 
side  lobes  their  ends  may  be  rounded).  Base,  heart- 
shaped,  and  more  or  less  one-sided. 

Leaf,  three  to  seven  inches  long,  rather  thin,  rough  above 
and  downy  below,  sometimes  becoming  very  smooth. 
The  ribs  are  very  distinct,  and  whitish  below. 

Bark,  grayish,  and  much  broken. 

Berries,  about  the  size  and  shape  of  small  blackberries. 
When  ripe  they  are  very  dark  purple  (nearly  black), 
juicy,  and  sweet.  July. 

Found,  from  Western  New  England,  westward  and  south- 
ward. 

\ 

A  tree  fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  high  ;  in  the  Middle 
and  Western  States  much  larger.  It  is  most  common 
and  reaches  its  finest  growth  along  the  lower  Ohio  and 
the  Mississippi  rivers.  Its  wood  is  valuable,  light,  and 
soft,  but  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground. 


The  White  Mulberry  [M.  alba]  is  sometimes  found 
around  old  houses  and  in  fields.  It  was  introduced  from 
China,  and  was  formerly  cultivated  as  food  for  silk-worms. 
Its  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  Red  Mulberry  in  shape, 
but  are  smooth  and  shining. 


Fig.  25.— Red  Mulberry.     (M.  rubra, 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


52  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [AII 

Genus    BROUSSON&TIA,  L'Her. 
Paper  Mulberry.     \B.  papyri/era,  Vent] 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  IRREGULARLY  SHARP- 
TOOTHED,  or,  at  times,  unequally  and  very  variously 
two-  to  three-lobed. 

Outline,  very  nearly  that  of  the  Red  Mulberry  (Fig.  25) 
broad  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed  (when  there 
are  side  lobes  their  ends  also  pointed).  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed,  rarely,  in  the  small 
leaves,  slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  rough. 

Leaf,  usually  about  five  inches  long,  sometimes  nine 
inches  ;  thick  ;  rough  above,  very  velvety-rough.  The 
main  ribs  are  very  distinct,  and  are  thickly  netted 
with  smaller  ones. 

Bark,  light  and  smoothish. 
Flowers,  in  long  aments  and  balls. 
Fruit,  not  edible. 

An  introduced  tree,  common  around  houses  or  escaped 
from  cultivation. 

A  low-branching,  large-headed  shade  tree  of  medium 
size,  introduced  from  Japan. 


In  Japan  and  China  the  bark  of  the  Paper  Mulberry 
is  made  into  paper,  whence  the  name. 


Leaves  Alternate.  53 

Genus  PLATANUS,  L.  (Buttonwood.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  broad,  in  reference  to  the  breadth  of  its  shade  or  of  its 

leaf. 

Fig.     26.  —  Buttonwood,     Buttonball    Tree,    Plane    Tree, 
Sycamore.*    P.  Occident/is,  L. 

Leaves,    SIMPLE  ;     ALTERNATE  ;     EDGE    VARIABLE,    EITHER 

COARSE-TOOTHED      OR      SOMEWHAT      LOBED  J       with     the 

teeth  or  lobes  sharp,  and  the  hollows  between  them 
rounded. 

Outline,  rounded.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  more  or  less 
heart-shaped,  squared,  or  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  downy  when  young,  smoothish  when  old  ;  and 
covering  the  leaf-bud  with  its  swollen  base. 

Leaf,  three  and  a  half  to  eight  inches  wide,  and  usually 
broader  than  long  ;  downy  beneath  when  young,  be- 
coming smooth. 

Bark,  the  thin  outer  bark  peels  off  each  year  in  hard  and 
brittle  strips,  leaving  the  branches  and  parts  of  the 
trunk  with  a  mottled,  whitish,  polished-looking  sur- 
face. 

Flowers,  small,  in  compact,  round  balls  (about  one  inch 
in  diameter)  like  round  buttons,  which  dry  and 
harden,  and  cling  to  the  branches  by  their  slender 
stems  (three  to  four  inches  long),  and  swing  like 
little  bells  during  a  good  part  of  the  winter. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine,  southward  and  westward, 
in  rich,  moist  soil,  oftenest  along  streams.  Its  finest 
growth  is  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Ohio  rivers. 

*  The  name  "  sycamore,"  though  a  common  one,  should  be  dropped.     It  belongs 
to  another  and  very  different  tree. 


Fig.  26.— Buttonwood.    (P.  occidentalis,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate.  55 

The  largest  of  the  trees  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  com- 
monly sixty  to  eighty  feet  high  ;  along  the  western  rivers 
often  eighty  to  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  high,  some- 
times more,  with  a  circumference  of  forty  to  fifty  feet. 

A  tree  in  Eaton,  N.  J.,  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the 
State.  It  is  eighty-five  feet  high.  At  a  point  eight  feet 
from  the  ground  its  circumference  is  fourteen  feet  three 
inches.  The  largest  trunks  are  usually  hollow.  The 
wood  is  hard  and  compact,  difficult  to  split  and  work,  of 
a  reddish-brown  color  within.  Its  principle  use  is  in 
the  making  of  tobacco  boxes. 


There  is  a  fine  and  somewhat  noted  group  of  these 
trees  on  the  grounds  of  James  Knox,  in  Knoxboro,  N.  Y. 
In  old  times  they  formed  a  favorite  camping  place  for 
the  Indians  in  their  trading  expeditions.  They  all 
measure  not  far  from  three  feet  in  diameter. 


Genus  BET U  LA,  L.  (Birch.) 

Fig.  27.— White    Birch,     Old-field    Birch,     Gray  Birch.     B. 

populifblia,  Marsh. 

Leaves,    SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE   (often  alternate  in  pairs)  ; 

EDGE     UNEQUALLY     SHARP-TOOTHED,      with      the      base 

entire. 

Outline,  triangular.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  vari- 
able, more  or  less  squared,  sometimes  slightly 
hollowed,  rounded,  or  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender,  about  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  or  more  in  length. 

Leaf,  one  and  three  quarters  to  three  inches  long. 
Smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides. 


56  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

The  outer  bark  of  the  mature  trunk  is  chalky-white  and 
thin,  but  not,  like  the  bark  of  the  Paper-birch,  easily 
separable  into  layers.  Usually  it  is  marked  with 
blackish  dots  and  lines.  Often  the  branchlets  and 
twigs  are  blackish,  and  in  very  young  trees  the  bark 
may  be  light  reddish-brown,  and  marked  with  white 
dots. 

Found,  on  poor  soil,  from  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania 
northward  (mostly  toward  the  coast),  and  in  orna- 
mental cultivation.  It  springs  up  abundantly  over 
burned  and  abandoned  lands. 

A  slender,  short-lived  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high, 
with  white,  soft  wood,  not  durable ;  used  largely  in  mak- 
ing spools,  shoe-pegs,  etc.,  and  for  fuel. 


A  still  more  graceful  cultivated  species  is  the  Eu- 
ropean Weeping  Birch  [B.  pendula].  Its  branches  are 
very  drooping,  with  more  slender  leaves,  and  a  spray  that 
is  exceedingly  light  and  delicate,  especially  in  early 
spring. 


Fig.  28.— Paper  Birch,   Canoe  Birch,  White  Birch.    B.  papy- 
ri/era, Marsh. 

Leaves,    SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE    SHARPLY   AND    UN- 
EQUALLY   DOUBLE-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shaped.      Apex,  pointed.       Base,  rounded, 
slightly  heart-shaped,  or,  rarely,  wedge-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  downy. 


Fig.  27 


Fig.  27.— White  Birch.    (B.  populif&lia,  Marsh.) 
Fig.  28. — Paper  Birch.    (B.  papyrifera,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


58  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long ;  dark  green  and  smooth 
above  ;  beneath,  dull,  and  with  the  ribs  somewhct 
hairy,  especially  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk  very  tough  and  durable  ;  thick  ;  snow- 
white  on  the  outside  ;  easily  removed  from  the  wood, 
and  then  itself  very  separable  into  paper-like  sheets. 
The  inner  sheets  are  of  a  reddish  tinge. 

Found,  in  tne  mountains  of  Northern  Pennsylvania,  New 
England,  and  far  northward,  farther  than  any  other 
non-evergreen  tree  of  America,  excepting  the  aspen. 

A  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet  high.  The  wood  is  light, 
hard,  and  very  close-grained,  but  decays  rapidly  when 
exposed — more  rapidly  than  the  bark,  which  often 
remains  as  a  shell  long  after  the  wood  within  has 
disappeared.  It  is  very  largely  used  in  making  spools, 
pegs,  shoe-lasts,  in  turnery,  for  wood-pulp,  and  for  fuel. 
The  waterproof  bark  is  much  used  by  Indians  and 
trappers  for  their  canoes. 


"  Give  me  of  your  bark,  O  Birch-Tree  ! 
Of  your  yellow  bark,  O  Birch-Tree  ! 
Growing  by  the  rushing  river, 
Tall  and  stately  in  the  valley  ! 
I  a  light  canoe  will  build  me, 
That  shall  float  upon  the  river, 
Like  a  yellow  leaf  in  autumn, 
Like  a  yellow  water-lily. 

'  Lay  aside  your  cloak,  O  Birch-Tree  \ 
Lay  aside  your  white- skin  wrapper, 
For  the  summer  time  is  coming, 
And  the  sun  is  warm  in  heaven, 
And  you  need  no  white  skin  wrapper ! ' " 

Hiawatha. 


Leaves  Alternate.  59 


Fig.  29. — Red   Birch,   River  Birch.      B.  nigra,  L.j   B.    rubra, 
Michaux,  f. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  UNEQUALLY  DOUBLE- 
TOOTHED  ;  entire  at  base. 

Outline,  egg-shape,  often  approaching  diamond-shape. 
Apex,  pointed.  Base,  somewhat  pointed,  often 
rather  blunt  wedge-shaped. 

Leaf -stem,  short  (about  one  half  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch)  and  downy. 

Leaf,  about  three  inches  long  by  two  inches  wide,  or  often 
less  ;  whitish  and  (until  old)  downy  beneath  ;  dotted  ; 
in  autumn  turning  to  a  bright  yellow. 

Bark  of  the  trunk  reddish-brown.  As  the  tree  grows  the 
bark  becomes  torn  and  loose,  hanging  in  thin  shreds 
of  varying  shades.  The  young  twigs  are  downy. 

Found,  on  low  grounds,  especially  along  river  banks,  from 
Massachusetts  westward  and  southward.  It  becomes 
common  only  in  the  lower  part  of  New  Jersey.  Its 
finest  growth  is  in  the  South.  It  is  the  only  birch 
which  grows  in  a  warm  climate. 

A  tree  usually  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  the 
branches  long  and  slender,  arched  and  heavily  drooping. 
Often  the  branches  cover  the  trunk  nearly  to  the  ground. 
"  Birch  brooms  "  are  made  from  the  twigs. 


60  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 


Fig.  30.—  Yellow  Birch.     B.  Ihtea,  Michaux.  f. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  (often    alternate   in    pairs)  ; 

EDGE      VERY       SHARPLY,       UNEQUALLY,       AND       RATHER 
COARSELY    TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.     Apex,  pointed.     Base,  narrowed  and 


Leaf-stem,  short  and  downy. 

Leaf,  about  four  by  two  and  one  fourth  inches,  or  often 
smaller;  thin  ;  downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth. 

Ribs,  straight. 

Outer  bark  of  trunk  thin  and  a  silvery  yellow,  and  separat- 
ing into  narrow  ribbons  curling  outwards  at  the  ends. 
The  twigs  and  the  bark  are  sweet-tasting  and  aromatic, 
but  less  so  than  in  the  "  Sweet  Birch." 

Found,  in  moist  woods,  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, in  Delaware  and  Southern  Minnesota,  and 
northward  into  Canada. 

A  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  or  often  more  in  height  ;  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  non-evergreen  trees  of 
New  England  and  Canada.  Its  hard,  close-grained  wood  is 
largely  used  for  fuel,  in  making  furniture,  button-moulds, 
wheel-hubs,  pill-boxes,  etc. 


Fig.  30 


Fig.  29.— Red  Birch.     (B.  nigra,  L.) 
30.— Yellow  Birch.     (B.  liltea,  Michaux,  f.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


62  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 


Fig.  31. — Sweet  Birch,  Cherry  Birch,  Black  Birch.    B.  lenta,  L. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  FINELY  AND  SHARPLY 

DOUBLE-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.     Apex,  pointed.     Base,  heart-shaped. 
Leaf-stem,  short  and  downy. 

Leaf,  two  to  four  inches  long ;  about  one  half  as  wide  ; 
silky-hairy  when  young,  but  becoming  smooth,  except 
on  the  ribs  beneath. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  dark  chestnut-brown  ;  smoothish  when 
young,  but  becoming  rough  in  old  trees.  The  smaller 
branches  are  smooth  and  dotted  with  white  spots. 
In  its  leaves  and  the  color  of  the  twigs  it  somewhat 
resembles  the  garden  cherry.  The  foliage  and  bark 
are  very  aromatic  and  sweet-tasting. 

Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  Northern  Delaware,  west- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  mountains.  It  is 
very  common  in  the  northern  forests. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  many  slender 
branches.  The  wood  is  hard,  fine-grained,  and  of  a  red- 
dish tint.  It  is  largely  used  for  cabinet-work  (sometimes 
in  place  of  the  more  valuable  Black  Cherry)  and  for  fuel. 


ig-  31- — Sweet  Birch.     (B.  lenta,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


64  7*rees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [AII 

Genus  OSTRYA,  Scop.     (Hop-Hornbeam.) 

Fig.  32,  a  and  b.  —  Hop-Hornbeam,   Ironwood,  Leverwood. 

O.  Virginibna  (Mill),  Willd. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;   ALTERNATE  ;   EDGE   VERY  SHARPLY  AND 

SLIGHTLY    IRREGULARLY    AND    UNEQUALLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper- 
pointed.  Base,  slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf -stem,  about  one  fourth  inch  long,  and  often  rough. 

Leaf,  usually  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  half  as 
wide,  but  with  many  smaller  leaves  of  varying  size  on 
the  same  branch  ;  smoothish  above,  paler  and  some- 
what downy  below.  The  straight  ribs  and  their 
angles  hairy. 

Bark  of  trunk,  brownish  or  dark  gray,  and  remarkable  for 
being  finely  furrowed  up  and  down,  with  the  ridges 
broken  into  three-  to  four-inch  lengths.  These  divi- 
sions are  narrower  than  on  any  other  rough-barked 
tree,  and  they  become  narrower  and  finer  as  the  tree 
grows  older.  The  new  shoots  are  reddish  green  and 
dotted  with  brown  ;  the  younger  branches  purplish- 
brown  and  dotted  with  white  or  gray.  When  the 
branch  is  two  to  three  inches  thick,  its  bark  becomes 
grayish  and  begins  to  crack. 

Fruit,  in  long  oval,  drooping  clusters,  resembling  those  of 
the  hop-vine,  with  long,  unlobed  scales  that  lap  each 
other  like  shingles.  August,  September. 

Found,  oftenest  on  dry  hill-sides.  Common  North,  South, 
and  West,  especially  in  Southern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  white,  very 
strong,  and  compact  wood.  It  would  be  very  valuable,  if 
it  were  more  abundant  and  of  larger  growth. 


Fig.  32.— Hop-Hornbeam.      O.  Virginiana  (Mill),  Willd. 

a.  Leaves,     b.  Fruit. 
NATURAL  SI71E. 


66  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Genus  CARPINUS,  L.     (Hornbeam.) 

Fig-  33>  «  and  & — Hornbeam,  Ironwood,  Water  Beech,  Blue 
Beech.     C.  Caroliniana,  Walt. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE  VERY   SHARPLY    AND 

QUITE    IRREGULARLY    AND    UNEVENLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  egg-shape,  or  reverse  long  egg-shape. 
Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly 
heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  half  inch  long,  slender  and  smooth, 
or  slightly  hairy. 

Leaf,  usually  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  half  as 
wide,  but  with  many  smaller  leaves  of  varying  size 
on  the  same  branch  ;  nearly  smooth,  slightly  hairy  on 
the  straight  and  distinct  ribs  and  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  deep  bluish-gray  or  slate  ;  smooth,  but 
often  marked  up  and  down  with  irregular  ridges, 
which  run  from  each  side  of  the  lower  branches. 
The  new  shoots  are  somewhat  hairy,  and  brownish 
or  purplish ;  the  older  branchlets,  an  ashy-gray  color, 
with  a  pearly  lustre. 

Fruit,  in  loose  drooping  cluster,  with  leaf-like  scales  that 
are  strongly  three-lobed  and  placed  in  pairs  base  to 
base.  October. 

Found,  along  streams  and  in  swamps.  Quite  common 
North,  South,  and  West  ;  northward  often  only  as 
a  low  shrub. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  usually  ten  to  twenty  feet  high, 
but  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains  sometimes 
reaching  a  height  of  fifty  feet.  Its  wood  is  white  and 
very  compact  and  strong. 


m 


33- — Hornbeam.    (C.  Caroliniana,  Walt.) 

a.  Fruit  scales,     b.  Leaves. 
NATURAL  SIZE. 


68  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        LAII 

Genus  C  AST  AN  E  A,  L.     (Chestnut.) 

From  the  name  of  a  town  in  Thessaly. 
Fig.  34. — Chestnut.   C.  saftva  (L.),  var.  Americana  (Michaux),  Sarg. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  SHARP-TOOTHED  with 
the  teeth  bristle-pointed  and  the  hollows  between 
rounded. 

Outline,  very  narrow  oval.     Base  and  Apex  taper-pointed. 

Leaf,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  two  to  three  inches  wide ; 
smooth  above  and  below ;  with  straight  ribs  terminat- 
ing in  the  bristle-teeth. 

Bark  of  trunk  grayish  and  in  young  trees  very  smooth. 

Fruit,  with  large  bristly  husks.  Usually  there  are  two  or 
three  nuts  pressed  closely  in  each  cell,  and  therefore 
flat  on  one  or  both  sides.  The  nut,  though  smaller, 
is  sweeter  and  more  delicate  than  in  the  European 
variety,  the  "Spanish  Chestnut." 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  to  Delaware  and  Southern 
Indiana  ;  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
and  west  to  Middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Its 
finest  growth  is  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high  or  more,  with  light, 
soft  wood,  largely  used  in  cabinet-work,  for  railway  ties, 
posts,  etc. 


34-— Chestnut.     C.  Satlva  (L.),    van  Americana  (Michaux),  Sarg. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


7°         Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Genus  FAGUS,  L.  (Beech.) 

Fig-  35-— Beech.     F.  ferrug\nea,  Ait. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE  SHARP-TOOTHED,  WITH 

SMALL  AND  REMOTE  TEETH. 

Outline,  oval  or  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
rounded. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long,  about  half  as  wide  ;  a  very 
"finished"  leaf;  when  young,  fringed  with  soft, 
white  hairs  ;  becoming  smooth  and  polished ;  with 
distinct  and  straight  unbranched  side-ribs,  ending  in 
the  teeth  of  the  edge.  The  dead,  bleached  leaves 
often  cling  thickly  to  the  branches  throughout  the 
winter. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  light  gray,  smooth,  and  unbroken. 

Fruit,  a  small  four-celled  prickly  burr,  splitting  half-way 
to  the  base  when  ripe,  and  with  two  sweet,  three- 
sided  nuts  in  each  shell. 

Found  in  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward, with  its  finest  growth  oh  the  "bluffs"  of  the 
lower  Mississippi  basin. 

Large  stately  trees,  with  spreading  branches  and  a 
delicate  spray,  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
hard  and  very  close-grained,  and  is  used  largely  in  the 
making  of  chairs,  handles,  plane-stocks,  shoe-lasts,  and 
for  fuel.  When  the  tree  is  not  crowded,  it  sends  out  its 
nearly  horizontal  or  drooping  branches  as  low  as  from 
ten  to  thirty  feet  above  the  ground. 

Lumber-men  make  the  distinction  of  "  Red  Beech  " 
and  "White  Beech,"  claiming  that  the  former  is  harder, 
with  a  redder  and  thicker  heart-wood. 


35-— Beech.    (F.  ferruglnea,  Ait.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


7 2  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [AII 

Among  woodsmen  and  the  Indians,  the  Beech  is  said 
to  be  a  favorite  refuge  in  thunder-storms.  They  claim 
that  it  is  scarcely  ever  struck  by  lightning. 


Lumber-men  claim  a  difference  in  the  quality  of  trees 
which  retain  their  leaves  and  those  which  shed  them. 
"  Said  a  neighbor  to  me  one  day  :  '  You  might  'a  knowed 
that  beech  would  split  hard  with  all  the  dry  leaves  on  it," 
— and  it  did.  That  was  the  first  I  'd  ever  heard  of  the 
sign,  but  I  Ve  never  known  it  fail  since." 


LIST  OF  WILLOWS. 

(A)  Native  trees ;  all  small : 

Black  Willow  (S.  nigra,  Marshall). 
Scythe-leaved  Willow  (S.  n.,  var.  falcata,  Torr.). 
(S.  amygdaloides,  Anders.). 
Shining  Willow  (S.  lucida,  Muhl.). 
Long-beaked  Willow  (S.  rostrata,  Richards). 

(B)  Not  native  trees  ;  all  large  : 

White  Willow  (S.  alba,  L.). 
Blue  Willow  (S.  a.,  var.  caerulea). 
Yellow  Willow  (S.  a.,  var.  vittelina). 
Weeping  Willow  (S.  Babylonica,  Tourn.). 
Crack  Willow  (S.  fragilis,  L.). 

Genus  SALIX,  L.     (Willow.) 

From  two  Celtic  words  meaning  "  near  "  and  "  water." 

Fig.  36,  a  and  b. — Black  Willow.     S.  nigra,  Marsh. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  FINELY  AND  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,   long   and    narrow.  .  Apex,   long,   taper-pointed. 
Base,  pointed  or  slightly  rounded. 


Fig.  36.— Black  Willow.    (S.  nigra,  Marsh.) 

a.  Commonest  form.     b.  Large  form. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


74  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [AII 

Leaf -stem,  short  and  woolly. 

Leaf,  one  and  a  half  to  four  inches  long  ;  commonest 
length  about  two  inches  (Fig.  33,  a)  ;  downy  when 
young,  becoming  smooth  excepting  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  mid-rib,  which  is  usually  woolly. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  and  rough  ;  branches  very  brittle  at 
the  base  and  yellowish  ;  twigs  tough  and  purplish  or 
yellow. 

Found,  in  Southern  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario,  and 
from  Northern  Vermont  southward.  Common  on 
low  ground,  especially  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

A  small  tree,  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high  ;  quite  variable 
in  the  style  of  its  foliage ;  the  latest  to  flower,  in  May. 


•5".  amygdalbides,  Anders,  (sometimes  considered  a 
variety  of  S.  nigra)  is  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  westward. 


Fig-   37« — Scythe-leaved  Willow.     S.  nigra,  var.  falcata,   Torr. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  VERY  FINELY  SHARP- 
TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  and  narrow,  often  "  scythe-shaped."  Apex, 
long,  taper-pointed.  Base,  gradually  narrowing  and 
pointed  or  slightly  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  short.  Stipules  (two  small,  leaf-like  appendages 
at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stem),  not  falling  off  when 
young,  as  in  most  of  the  willows  ;  moon-shaped,  finely 
toothed,  wider  than  long. 


FiS-  37-— Scythe-leaved  Willow.     (S.  n.,  var.  falcata,  Torr.; 

a.   Stipules,     b.  Leaves. 

NATURAL.  SIZE. 


76  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Leaf,  four  to  eight  inches  long ;  green  and  smooth  above 
and  below  (silky-downy  when  young). 

Found,  on  low  ground  from  New  England  to  the  Middle 
States  and  westward. 

A  small  tree  (or  sometimes  a  shrub).  The  persistent 
stipules  and  the  length  of  the  leaf  furnish  ready  signs  for 
distinguishing  it  from  S.  nigra. 


Fig.  38.— Shining    Willow,    Glossy    Broad-leaved    Willow. 

S.  litcida,  Muhl. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  VERY  FINELY  AND 

SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  fourth  to  one  half  inch  long. 
Leaf-buds,  yellowish  and  smooth. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  five  or  six  inches  long,  one  inch  or 
more  wide ;  dark  above,  smooth  and  shining  above 
and  below.  Middle  ribs  usually  whitish,  and  distinct 
above. 

Found,  from  New  England  southward  to  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  west  and  north.  Rather  common, 
usually  on  wet  grounds. 

A  small  tree  (or  often  a  shrub)  twelve  to  twenty-five 
feet  high. 


Fig.  38.— Shining  Willow.    (S.  lucida,  MuhL) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


78  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  n 

Fig-  39- — Long-beaked  Willow,  Ochre-flowered  Willow.     S. 

rostrata,  Richards. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALERNATE  ;  EDGE  USUALLY  OBSCURELY 
TOOTHED,  but  varying  from  quite  sharp-toothed  to 
almost  entire  and  slightly  wavy. 

Outline,  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  sharp  (or 
sometimes  rather  blunted).  Base,  narrowing  to  a 
point  (or  sometimes  slightly  rounded). 

Leaf,  two  to  four  inches  long ;  soft,  downy,  and  almost 
velvety  beneath  ;  smoothish  above  ;  ribs  distinct. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  colored  ;  of  the  branches,  usually 
yellow ;  twigs,  reddish-brown,  straight  and  tough, 
downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth. 

Found,  along  borders  of  woods,  and  on  low  grounds,  from 
New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  far  westward  and 
northward. 

A  small  tree  (or  sometimes  a  shrub),  four  to  fifteen 
feet  high. 

Fig.  40.— White  Willow.    [S.  alba,  Z.] 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  SHARP-TOOTHED,  with 
the  teeth  somewhat  thickened. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed. 

Leaf,  about  five  inches  long,  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
wide  ;  surface  with  white  silky  hairs  beneath,  and 
often  above ;  branches  not  yellow,  and  very  brittle 
at  the  base. 

Introduced  from   Europe,  but   now  common   around 
houses  and  in  low  grounds. 


39- — Long-beaked  Willow.    (S.  rostrata,  Richards.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


8o  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

A  very  large  and  familiar  tree  (fifty  to  eighty  feet 
high),  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Willows ;  low-branching ; 
thick-set,  of  tough  and  rapid  growth.  A  stake  set  in  the 
ground  grows  readily.  The  silvery  look  of  the  tree 
(especially  in  a  strong  wind)  is  due  to  the  gloss  of  its 
downy  leaves. 

The  Blue  Willow  [var.  cserulea  S.]  is  naturalized  in 
Massachusetts. 

Fig.  41.— Yellow  Willow,  Golden  Osier.     [S.  alba,  var.  mtelllna, 
S.andB] 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  SHARP-TOOTHED,  with 
the  teeth  somewhat  thickened. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed  ;  in  the 
young  leaves  often  broad  and  rounded.  Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  small  (two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long ;  about 
one  half  to  five  eighths  of  an  inch  wide)  ;  surface 
with  white,  silky  hairs  beneath  and  often  above, 
especially  in  the  young  leaves. 

Branches,  brittle  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining  and 
yellow. 

Blossoms,  in  May. 

Introduced,  from  Europe,  but  now  found  throughout  the 
United  States.  Common  around  houses  and  in  low 
grounds. 

A  broad-spreading  tree  (thirty  to  forty  feet  high), 
branching  low,  and  with  the  branchlets  thick  and  rather 
erect.  The  tree  has  a  yellowish  look,  due  to  the  color  of 
its  twigs  and  branches. 


Fig.  40 


Fig.  40.— White  Willow.    [S.  alba,  L.] 
.  41.— Yellow  Willow.     [S.  a.,  vitelllne,  S.  and  B.] 

a.  Young  leaf.     b.  Mature  leaf. 


Fig.  42.— Weeping  Willow.    [S.  Babyldnica,  Tourn.] 
Fig-  43.— Crack  Willow.     [S.  fragilis,  L.] 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


82  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

"  The  French,  finding  their  native  forests  giving  out, 
took  to  planting  a  species  of  willow,  Salix  vitelllna, 
largely  for  hoops.  So  successful  have  they  been  that, 
besides  raising  all  they  want  for  their  own  use,  they  now 
export  largely  to  British  markets.  Scotch  herring  barrels 
are  chiefly  bound  with  French  willow  hoops." 


Fig.  42.— Weeping  Willow.     [S.  Babylbnica,  Tourn] 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  SHARP-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.     Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base, 
pointed. 

Leaf,  about  five  inches  long  by  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
wide  ;  somewhat  silky,  or  smooth. 

Branches  and  branchlets,  very  long,  curved,  and  drooping 
nearly  to  the  ground. 

Introduced,  from  Europe,  now  common,  and  much  used  in 
ornamental  cultivation. 

A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high. 


The  Latin  name  (Babylonica)  was  suggested  by  the 
lament  of  the  Hebrews,  in  the  13/th  Psalm. 

"  By  the  rivers  of  Babylon  there  we  sat  down  : 
Yea  we  wept  when  we  remembered  Zion. 
We  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  willows  in  the  midst  thereof." 


Leaves  Alternate.  83 

Fig.  43.— Crack  Willow.     \S.  fragilis,  Z.] 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  STRONGLY  AND  SOME- 
WHAT UNEVENLY  TOOTHED,  the  teeth  thickened  and 
their  points  slightly  incurved,  so  as  to  appear  some- 
what blunted. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
taper-pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth,  with  two  small  warts  on  the  upper  side 
near  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Leaf,  about  five  or  six  inches  long,  about  seven  eighths 
of  an  inch  wide  ;  dark  and  smooth  above  ;  lighter 
and  smooth  below  (slightly  silky  when  young). 

Branches,  smooth,  shining,  and  greenish  ;  very  brittle  at 
the  base,  cracking  off  almost  "at  a  touch." 

Introduced,  from  Europe. 

A  tree  sometimes  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  a 
bushy  head  and  irregular  branches.  Its  withes  are  used 
for  basket-work. 


"  The  greene  willow  boughes  with  the  leaves  may  very 
well  be  brought  into  chambers  and  set  about  the  beds  of 
those  that  be  sicke  of  agues,  for  they  do  mightily  coole 
the  heate  of  the  aire,  which  thing  is  a  wonderfull  refresh- 
ing to  the  sicke  patients." — GERARDES'  HERBAL. 


84  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Genus  POPULUS,  L.     (Aspen,  Poplar.) 

From  a  Latin  word  meaning  the  people  ;  either  because  the  tree  was  often  planted 
along  public  walks,  or  on  account  of  the  restlessness  of  its  leaves. 

Fig.  44. — Aspen,  White  Poplar.     P.  tremuloidcs,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  SHARP-TOOTHED,  with 
rounded  hollows  between. 

Outline,  rounded.  Apex,  short,  sharp-pointed.  Base, 
slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  slender  and  very  much  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  wide,  and  usually  about 
one  half  inch  shorter  than  wide  ;  dark  green  ;  smooth 
on  both  sides  when  mature,  with  a  slight  down  on  the 
edge.  Ribs  distinct  above  and  below  and  whitish. 

Bark  of  trunk,  greenish-white  and  smooth,  often  with 
blotches  of  very  dark  brown,  especially  under  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  The  bark  is  exceedingly  bitter. 

Found,  from  Northern  Kentucky  and  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania  northward  to  Hudson  Bay  and  New- 
foundland, northwest  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  along 
the  Rocky  Mountain  slopes.  It  is  the  most  widely 
distributed  of  North  American  trees. 


A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  white,  soft 
wood  that  is  largely  used  in  place  of  rags  in  making 
coarse  paper.  The  tremulousness  of  its  foliage,  which 
the  slightest  breeze  stirs,  is  due  to  the  thinness  of  the 
sidewise-flattened  leaf-stems. 


Fig.  44.— Aspen.    (P.  tremuloides,  Michx.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


86  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [AH 

Tradition  accounts  differently  for  the  motion  of  the 
leaves.  It  says  that  the  wood  of  the  aspen  tree  was  taken 
for  the  Saviour's  cross,  and  that,  ever  since,  the  tree  has 
shivered. 

Another  tradition  claims  that,  when  Christ  went  by 
on  his  way  to  Calvary,  all  the  trees  sympathized  and 
mourned,  excepting  the  aspen  ;  but  when  he  died,  there 
fell  upon  the  aspen  a  sudden  horror  of  remorse,  and  such 
a  fearful  trembling  as  has  never  passed  away. 

In  describing  the  occupations  of  the  fifty  maidens  in 
the  hall  of  the  "  gorgeous  palace "  of  King  Alcinous, 
Homer  says  : 

" .          .     some  wove  the  web 
Or  twirled  the  spindle,  sitting,  with  a  quick 
Light  motion  like  the  aspen's  glancing  leaves." 

Fig.  45. — Large-toothed  Aspen.     P.  grandidentata,  Michaux. 
Leaf,    SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE  LARGE-TOOTHED,  with 
the  hollows  rounded. 

Outline,  wide  egg-shape.  Apex,  sharp-pointed.  Base, 
squared,  or  slightly  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender,  and  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long,  smooth  on  both  sides 
when  mature  ;  white,  and  covered  thickly  with  silky 
wool  when  young.  Ribs,  whitish  and  distinct  above. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  smooth,  and  of  a  soft,  light  greenish- 
gray  ;  when  old,  becoming  somewhat  cracked.  On 
the  young  branches  the  bark  is  dark. 

Found,  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  through  the 
Northern  States,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Wisconsin  and  Iowa. 
Rare  at  the  South,  common  at  the  North. 


Fig.  45.— Large  Toothed  Aspen.    (P.  grandidentata,  Michx.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


88  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [AII 

A  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  open,  crooked 
branches.  Large  quantities  of  the  soft,  white  wood  are 
ground  into  pulp  for  making  paper.  "  In  both  this  and 
the  preceding  species,  the  leaves  of  young  sprouts  are 
often  differently  shaped  and  toothed,  and  much  en- 
larged."—(Porter.)  ^^^^_ 

Poplar  wood,  like  other  soft  woods,  is  not  usually 
esteemed  for  durability ;  but  an  old  couplet,  said  to  have 
been  found  inscribed  on  a  poplar  plank,  teaches  dif- 
ferently : 

"  Though  '  heart  of  Oak  '  be  e'er  so  stout, 
Keep  me  dry,  and  I  '11  see  him  out." 


Fig.  46. — Downy-leaved  Poplar,  River  Cottonwood,  Swamp 
Cottonwood.     P.  heteroptiylla,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  roundish  egg-shape.  Apex,  usually  blunt  (never 
taper-pointed).  Base,  heart-shape,  sometimes  with  the 
lobes  so  close  or  overlapping  as  to  cover  the  end  of 
the  leaf-stem. 

Leaf -stem,  nearly  round. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long  (on  young  sprouts,  eight  to 
ten  inches)  ;  when  young,  thickly  covered  with  white 
down  ;  becoming  smooth,  except  on  the  ribs  below. 

Found,  in  borders  of  swamps,  from  Long  Island  south- 
ward to  Southern  Georgia,  through  the  Gulf  States 
to  Western  Louisiana,  and  northward  to  Southern 
Illinois  and  Indiana.  Rare  and  local. 

A  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high. 


Fig.  46.— Downy-leaved  Poplar.    (P.  heterophylla,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


9°  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        IAII 

Fig.  47. — Cottonwood,  Poplar,  Necklace  Poplar,  River  Poplar. 

P.  monillfera,  Ait.     P.  angulata,  Ait. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  SOMEWHAT  IRREGULARLY 

TOOTHED. 

Outline,  broad  egg-shape  (approaching  triangular-shape). 
Apex,  long,  taper-pointed.  Base,  squared,  slightly 
hollowed,  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender  and  much  compressed  sidewise. 

Leaf,  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long  (much  larger  on 
young  shoots)  ;  length  and  width  nearly  the  same  ; 
smooth  ;  ribs  distinct  and  whitish  on  both  sides, 
irregular,  and  branching. 

Bark  of  trunk,  light  "granite-gray,"  smooth  on  young 
trunks,  becoming  somewhat  rough  with  age,  and  with 
rounded  up-and-down  furrows.  New  and  vigorous 
shoots  are  green,  and  marked  with  short  white  or 
brownish  lines. 

Seeds,  covered  with  a  white,  cotton-like  fibre. 

Found,  from  Western  New  England  southward  to  Wes- 
tern Florida,  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  common  "  cottonwood  "  of  the  West,  bordering 
all  streams  flowing  east  from  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A  tree  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  high.  The  very 
light  and  soft  wood  is  largely  used  in  making  paper  pulp, 
for  light  boxes,  and  for  fuel. 


Experiments  have  been  made  in  separating  and  weav- 
ing the  cottony  fibre  of  the  poplar  seeds.  It  can  be 
manufactured  into  cloth,  but  not  in  paying  quantity  and 
quality. 


Fig.  47. — Cottonwood.    (P.  monilHera,  Ait.) 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


92  Trees  witk  Simple  Leaves.        LAII 

Fig.  48.— Balsam  Poplar,  Tacamahac.     P.  balsaniifera,  L. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;   ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE  FINELY  AND  RATHER 

SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.     Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  nearly  smooth,  the  lower  half  rounded,  the 
upper  part  only  slightly  flattened.  The  leaf-buds  in 
the  spring  are  large  and  yellow,  and  covered  with  a 
fragrant  gum  (as,  to  some  extent,  are  the  buds  of 
most  of  the  poplars). 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long ;  when  young,  yellowish 
above,  becoming  bright  green ;  whitish,  and  "  net- 
veined  "  below  ;  smooth. 

Found  in  Northern  New  England,  Central  Michigan,  and 

Minnesota,  and  far  northward. 
A  tree  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  with  very  light  and 

soft  wood. 

Fig.  49.— Balm  of  Gilead,  Heart-leaved  Balsam  Poplar.    P. 

balsaniifera,  var.  candicans  (Ait.),  Gray. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  heart- 
shape. 

Leaf-stem,  usually  hairy,  nearly  round.  The  leaf-buds  in 
the  spring  are  large  and  varnished,  and  very  fragrant. 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long,  nearly  as  broad  ;  yellowish 
when  young,  becoming  dark  green  above,  and  whitish 
beneath ;  net-veined. 

Bark,  smooth  and  greenish,  and  often  dark-spotted. 

Found,  seldom  or  never  growing  wild,  but   common   in 

cultivation. 
A  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  loosely  and  irregularly 

branched,  and  with  abundant  foliage. 


Fig.  49 


Fig.  48. — Balsam  Poplar.    (P.  balsamlfera,  L.) 
Fig.  49. — Balm  of  Gilead.     P.  b.  candicans  (Ait  i  Gray. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


94  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Fig.  50. — Lombardy  Poplar.     \P.  dilatata,  Ait.} 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;    ALTERNATE  ;    EDGE  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  very  broad  oval  (approaching  diamond  shape). 
Apex,  pointed.  Base,  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  usually  about  two  inches  long,  width  and  length 
about  the  same. 

Introduced  about  one  hundred  years  ago  from  Italy,  and 
now  often  found  in  old  settlements. 

A  tall  and  very  slender  tree,  with  crowded,  perpen- 
dicular branches. 

Fig.  51.— Silver-Leaf  Poplar,  Abele,  White  Poplar.   [P.  alba,  Z.] 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  USUALLY  LOBED  (the 
lobes  toothed). 

Outline,  broad  egg-shape.  Base,  usually  slightly  heart* 
shaped.  Apex  of  the  lobes,  blunt-pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  downy  and  nearly  round. 

Leaf,  usually  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  when 
mature,  smooth  and  dark  green  above,  below  downy 
and  almost  snow-white.  In  the  young  leaves  both 
surfaces  and  the  leaf-stem  are  snowy-white  and  downy. 

A  native  of  Europe  ;  now  widely  introduced. 

A  very  ornamental  tree,  but  troublesome  in  cultiva- 
tion, and  now  out  of  favor  because  of  the  abundance  of 
suckers  that  spring  from  its  roots. 

NOTE. — See  Chestnut  Oaks  with  their  genus  under  Sec.  A,  ///.  (a)y 


Fig.  51 


Fig.  50.— Lombardy  Poplar.    [P.  dilatata,  Ait.] 
Fig.  51.— Silver-Leaf  Poplar.     [P.  alba,  L.] 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES   ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE   LOBED) 
A  ill 

(a)  and  (b) 


Genus  LIRIODENDRON,  L.     (Tulip  Tree.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  lily  and  tree. 

Fig.  52.— Tulip  Tree,  Whitewood,  Yellow  Poplar.*    L.  tu- 

lip\fera,  Z. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  LOBED  (lobes  entire). 

Outline,  rounded.  Apex,  cut  almost  squarely  across,  with 
a  shallow  hollow,  giving  a  square  look  to  the  upper 
half  of  the  leaf.  Base,  usually  heart-shape. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long  and  wide  ;  very  smooth  ; 
with  four  to  six  lobes  (two  lobes  at  the  summit ;  at 
the  sides  two,  or  two  large  and  two  small). 

Bark  cf  trunk,  dark  ash-color  and  slightly  rough, 

Flowers,  four  to  six  inches  across  ;  greenish-yellow,  marked 
within  with  orange  ;  somewhat  tulip-like,  fragrant, 
solitary.  May,  June. 

Found,  from  Southwestern  Vermont  to  Michigan,  south- 
ward and  westward.  Its  finest  growth  is  in  the 
valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River  and  along  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Among  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  the  North 
American  trees.      It  is  usually   seventy  to  one  hundred 

*  The  name  should  be  dropped.     The  tree  is  not  a  poplar. 
08 


Fig.  52.— Tulip  Tree.    (L.,  tuliplfera,  L.) 

NATURAL.  SIZE. 


ioo          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [A  in 

feet  high,  often  much  higher,  with  a  straight,  clear  trunk, 
that  divides  rather  abruptly  at  the  summit  into  coarse  and 
straggling  branches.  The  wood  is  light  and  soft,  straight-- 
grained, and  easily  worked,  with  the  heart  wood  light 
yellow  or  brown,  and  the  thin  sap  wood  nearly  white.  It 
is  very  widely  and  variously  used — for  construction,  for 
interior  finish,  for  shingles,  in  boat-building,  for  the  panels 
of  carriages,  especially  in  the  making  of  wooden  pumps 
and  wooden  ware  of  different  kinds. 

I  asked  a  carpenter  :  "  Hope,  is  n't  it  the  tulip  wood 
(which  you  call  poplar)  that  the  carriage-makers  use  for 
their  panels  ?  " 

"  Yes,  and  the  reason  is,  because  it  shapes  so  easily. 
If  you  take  a  panel  and  wet  one  side,  and  hold  the  other 
side  to  a  hot  stove-pipe,  the  piece  will  just  hug  the  pipe. 
It 's  the  best  wood  there  is  for  panelling." 


"  Of  all  the  trees  of  North  America  with  deciduous 
leaves,  the  tulip  tree,  next  to  the  buttonwood,  attains  the 
amplest  dimensions,  while  the  perfect  straightness  and 
uniform  diameter  of  its  trunk  for  upwards  of  forty  feet, 
the  more  regular  disposition  of  its  branches,  and  the 
greater  richness  of  its  foliage,  give  it  a  decided  superiority 
over  the  buttonwood  and  entitle  it  to  be  considered  as 
one  of  the  most  magnificent  vegetables  of  the  temperate 
zone." — MICHAUX. 


The  tulip  tree  was  very  highly  esteemed  by  the 
ancients ;  so  much  so  that  in  some  of  their  festivals  they 
are  said  to  have  honored  it  by  pouring  over  its  roots 
libations  of  wine. 


Leaves  Alternate.  101 

GUIDE  TO  THE  OAKS. 

SECTION  I. — Leaves,  not  sharp-pointed*  or  bristle-tipped. 
Fruit,  annual. 

A.  Leaves,  deeply  lobed,  with  the  ends  of  the  lobes 

and  the   hollows  rounded.      Pp.    102-106.       (The 
White  Oaks.) 

B.  Leaves,  wavy-toothed.*      Pp.  108-112.    (The  Chest- 

nut Oaks.) 

SECTION    II. — Leaves,     sharp-pointed     or     bristle-tipped. 
Fruit,  biennial. 

A.  Leaves,  abruptly  widening  above  and  slightly  lobed, 
lobes  rounded f  and  bristle-tipped.      P.  114.      (Black 
Jack.) 

B.  Leaves,  deeply  lobed ;  the  ends  of  the  lobes  sharp 

and  bristle-tipped. 

(1)  Mature  leaves  downy  beneath.    P.  116.    (Spanish 
Oak.) 

(2)  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  nearly 
so.     Acorn-cup  with  coarse  scales  and  more  or 
less  top-shaped,  and  covering  one  third  or  nearly 
one  half  of  the  nut.     Pp.  1 18-122.     (Scarlet  Oak 
and  Black  Oak.) 

(3)  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  nearly 
so.     Acorn-cup  with  fine  scales,  shallow,  saucer- 
shape,  much  shorter  than  the  nut.      Pp.  122-124. 
(Red  Oak  and  Pin  Oak.) 

C.  Leaves,   entire,   very   narrow,   pointed,   and   bristle- 

tipped.     Pp.  126-128.     (The  Willow  Oaks.) 

*  Excepting  yellow  Chestnut  Oak,  which  is  usually  sharp-toothed. 
f  Excepting  sometimes  Black  Jack. 


io2          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

Genus  Quercus,   L.      (Oak.) 

Possibly  from  a  Celtic  word  meaning  to  inquire,  because  it  was  among  the  oaks  that 
the  Druids  oftenest  practised  their  rites. 

Fig-  53.— White  Oak.     Q.  alba,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  LOBED  ;  (edge  of  the 
lobes  entire  or  sometimes  coarsely  notched  and  hoi 
lowed  at  their  ends.) 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Base,  wedge-shape.  Apex 
of  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  quite  variable  in  size  and  shape ;  four  to  seven 
inches  long  ;  smooth  ;  pale  beneath  ;  the  lobes  often- 
est five  to  nine,  long  and  narrow,  and  sometimes 
widening  toward  the  end,  but  at  other  times  only 
three  to  five,  short  and  broad,  and  radiating  obliquely 
from  the  middle  rib. 

Bark  of  trunk,  slightly  roughened  (comparatively  smooth 
for  an  oak),  light-gray ;  in  older  trees  loosening  in 
large,  thin  scales  ;  the  inner  bark  white. 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  one  fourth  of  an  inch 
or  more  in  length.  Cup,  rounded  saucer-shape,  not 
scaly,  but  rough  and  warty  and  much  shorter  than 
the  nut.  Nut,  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long,  slightly 
egg-shape  or  oval ;  brown,  sweet,  and  edible.  October. 

Found,  from  Ontario  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
southward  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Southeastern 
Minnesota,  Arkansas,  and  Texas.  Its  finest  growth 
is  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  in  the  Ohio  basin. 

A  noble  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  or  more  in  height, 
with  hard,  tough  wood  of  very  great  value  in  many  kinds 
of  manufacturing,  and  for  fuel.  The  withered,  light-brown 
leaves  often  cling  throughout  the  winter. 


Fig.  53.— White  Oak.  (Q.  alba,  L.) 

LEAVES  AND  FRUIT  REDUCED  ONE  FOURTH. 


104          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [A  in 

The  "  oak-apples"  or  "galls"  often  found  on  oak-trees 
are  the  work  of  "  gall-flies  "  and  their  larvae.  When  green, 
tiny  worms  will  usually  be  found  at  their  centre.  Quaint 
reference  is  made  to  these  galls  in  Gerardes'  "  Herbal"  : 

"Oak-apples  being  broken  in  sunder  before  they  have 
an  hole  thorough  them  do  fore  shewe  the  sequell  of  the 
yeere.  If  they  conteine  in  them  a  flie,  then  warre  insueth  ; 
if  a  creeping  worme,  then  scarcitie  of  victuals ;  if  a  running 
spider,  then  folio weth  great  sickness  or  mortalitie." 

The  oak,  probably  more  than  any  other  tree,  has  been 
associated  with  worship  of  the  gods.  The  "  Talking 
Tree "  of  the  sanctuary  in  Dod6na  (the  oldest  of  all  the 
Hellenic  sanctuaries,  and  second  in  repute  only  to  that  at 
Delphi)  was  an  oak.  Oak  groves  were  favorite  places 
for  altars  and  temples  of  Jupiter.  The  Druids  worshipped 
under  the  oak-trees. 

Fig.  54.— Post  Oak,  Iron  Oak,  Rough-leaved  White  Oak. 
Q.  minor  (Marsh),  Sarg.     Q.  obtustlbba,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  LOBED  (edge  of  the 
lobes  entire,  or  sometimes  hollowed  more  or  less 
deeply  at  the  ends). 

Outline,  usually  broad,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Base, 
wedge-shape  or  round.  Apex  of  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long ;  rough  above  and  below ; 
thick  and  coarse.  The  lobes,  five  to  seven  and  ex- 
ceedingly variable  in  size  and  shape,  radiating  almost 
at  right  angles  from  the  middle  rib  ;  sometimes  broad 
and  squared,  sometimes  much  narrowed  toward  their 
base,  with  the  spreading  ends  themselves  lobed  or 
hollowed  ;  often  irregularly  and  unequally  placed. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  resembling  that  of  the  white  oak,  but 
rather  darker.  Inner  bark  white. 


-  54.— Post  Oak.     Q.  minor  (Marsh),  Sarg. 

LEAVES    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


io6          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [A  m 

Acorns,  two  to  three  together  on  a  short  stem  (about  one 
fourth  inch),  or  single  and  nearly  stemless.  Cup, 
round  saucer-shape,  rather  thin,  with  very  small 
scales,  not  warty.  Nut,  about  one  half  inch  long  ; 
egg-shape  or  oval  ;  more  than  one  third  covered  by 
the  cup  ;  shining  blackish-brown,  and  often  slightly 
striped  ;  very  sweet. 

Found,  from  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  southward  and 

westward. 
A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  of  value,  especially  in 

the  Southwestern  States,  where  it  is  very  common. 


Fig-  55-  —  Burr  Oak,  Mossy-cup  Oak,  Over-cup  White  Oak. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  LOBED  (the  edge  of  the  lobes 
entire,  or  of  the  larger  ones  sometimes  wavy). 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Base,  wedge-shape.  Apex 
of  the  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  six  to  fifteen  inches  long  (the  longest  of  the  oak- 
leaves)  ;  smooth  above,  downy  beneath  ;  the  lobes 
usually  long  and  rather  irregular,  the  middle  ones 
longest  and  often  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  rib. 

Bark  of  the  young  branches  always  marked  with  corky 
wings  or  ridges. 

Acorns,  large,  with  short  stems.  Cup,  two  thirds  to  two 
inches  across,  roughly  covered  with  pointed  scales, 
and  heavily  fringed  around  the  nut.  Nut,  very  large 
(one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long)  ;  broad  egg- 
shape  ;  one  half  to  two  thirds  or  often  wholly  en- 
closed by  the  cup. 

Found,  along  the  coast  of  Maine  southward  as  far  as  the 
Penobscot,  in  Western  New  England,  in  Western 
New  York,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  thence  westward  to 
the  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana, 


Fig-  SS-— Burr  Oak.    (Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.) 

AND  FRUIT  REDUCED  ONE  FOURTH. 


io8          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

and  from  Central  Nebraska  and  Kansas  southwest  to 
the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas. 

It  is  found  farther  west  and  northwest  than  any  other 
oak  of  the  Atlantic  forests.  In  the  prairie  region  it  forms 
the  principal  growth  of  the  "  Oak  Openings." 

One  of  the  most  valuable  and  widely  distributed  oaks 
of  North  America,  growing  sixty  to  eighty  feet  in  height, 
or  more,  with  hard,  tough  wood  resembling  that  of  the 
White  Oak.  

"  The  most  interesting  thing  about  this  tree,  perhaps, 
is  its  power,  quite  unknown  in  the  other  White  Oaks,  of 
adapting  itself  to  very  different  climatic  conditions,  which 
enables  it  to  live  in  the  humid  climate  of  Maine  and 
Vermont,  to  flourish  in  the  somewhat  drier  climate  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  and  to  exist  [still  farther  west]  in  the 
driest  and  most  exposed  region  inhabited  by  any  of  the 
Eastern  American  oaks." — SARGENT. 


Q.  m.  olivczfbrmis  is  a  variety  found  only  in  a  few  dis- 
tricts (near  Albany  and  in  Pennsylvania),  having  narrower 
and  rather  more  deeply  lobed  leaves. 

Fig.  56. — Swamp  White  Oak.     Q.  blcolor,  Willd.     Q.  prinus,  var. 
discolor,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  QUITE  DEEPLY  WAVY- 
TOOTHED. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  blunt-pointed. 
Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long ;  smooth,  and  rather 
bright  green  above  ;  whitish-downy  beneath,  becom- 
ing almost  silvery-white  ;  often  with  a  rather  deep 
hollow  just  below  the  middle,  and  usually  abruptly 
spreading  above  ;  the  teeth  unequal,  longest  toward 
the  middle  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  almost  long  enough 


Fig.  56.— Swamp  White  Oak.     (Q.  blcolor,  Willd.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


no          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

to  be  called  lobes ;  mostly  rounded  at  the  apex,  but 
sometimes  ending  in  a  hard  point  ;  the  main  ribs 
prominent  and  rust-colored. 

Bark  of  trunk,  grayish-white,  dividing  into  large,  flat  scales. 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  one  and  a  quarter  to 
three  inches  long.  Cup,  rounded,  rather  thin,  rough, 
with  sharp  scales  ;  the  upper  scales  bristle-tipped, 
forming  a  border,  or  sometimes  a  fringe,  along  the 
edge  ;  slightly  downy  within.  Nut,  one  inch  or  less 
in  length,  egg-shape  ;  sweet.  October. 

Found  from  Southern  Maine  and  the  Upper  St.  Law- 
rence to  Southeastern  Iowa  and  Western  Missouri, 
south  to  Delaware  and  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains to  Northern  Georgia  ;  along  borders  of  streams 
and  in  swamps,  in  deep,  rich  soil.  Its  finest  growth 
is  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high   or  more,  with  wood 
similar  in  value  to  that  of  the  White  Oak. 

Fig.  57. — Chestnut  Oak,  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak,  Rock  Chest- 
nut Oak.  Q.  prinus,  L.  Q.prinus,  var.  mont\color,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  COARSELY  AND  EVENLY 

WAVY-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  sometimes  oval.  Apex, 
blunt-pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly  pointed, 
and  often  somewhat  unequal. 

Leaf,  four  to  seven  inches  long,  two  to  four  inches  wide  ; 
smooth  above,  paler  and  downy  beneath.  Teeth, 
twelve  to  twenty-six,  decreasing  evenly  and  uniformly 
to  the  apex. 

Bark  of  trunk,  gray  ;  furrowed  up  and  down  with  con- 
tinuous and  often  very  deep  furrows,  with  sharp 
ridges  between. 


»2-  S7-— Chestnut  Oak.     (Q.  prinus,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


ii2          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [Am 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  about  one  half  of  an 
inch  long,  or  often  shorter.  Cup,  rounded  or  some- 
what top-shaped,  with  minute  scales,  or  warty.  Nut, 
usually  long  egg-shape  or  long  oval ;  one  to  one  and 
one  fourth  inches  long ;  brown ;  about  one  third 
covered  by.  the  cup  ;  sweet.  September,  October. 

Found,  from  Eastern  Massachusetts  to  New  York,  south- 
ward to  Delaware,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
Alabama  and  westward  to  Central  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee. 

A  tree  forty  to  seventy  feet  in  height,  with  strong, 
hard  wood,  largely  used  in  fencing,  for  railroad  ties,  etc.  ; 
of  less  value  than  that  of  the  White  Oak.  Its  bark  is  very 
rich  in  tannin. 


Fig.  58.— Yellow  Chestnut  Oak,  Yellow  Oak.     Q.  Muhlenblrgii, 
Engel.     Q.  castbnea,  Willd. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  EVENLY  AND  SHARPLY 
(or  sometimes  bluntly)  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  very  narrow  oval  (or  sometimes  wide).  Apex, 
taper-pointed.  Base,  pointed  or  blunt. 

Leaf-stem,  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long. 

Leaf,  usually  about  five  to  seven  inches  long,  by  one  and 
one  half  to  two  inches  wide,  but  sometimes  so  wide 
as  to  resemble  the  preceding  species  (Q.prinus),  from 
which,  however,  it  is  distinguished  by  its  thin  bark. 
Of  all  the  "chestnut-oak"  leaves  it  most  closely 
resembles  the  chestnut  leaf.  It  is  smooth  above, 
whitish  and  minutely  downy  beneath. 

Bark  of  trunk,  light,  flaky,  and  thin. 


Fig.  58.— Yellow  Chestnut  Oak.     Q.  (Muhl.),  Engel. 

NATURAL.  SIZE. 


1 14          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [A  in 

Acorn,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  about  five  twelfths  to  seven 
twelfths  of  an  inch  across  ;  rounded  ;  thin,  with  very 
small,  closely  pressed  scales.  Nut,  seven  twelfths  to 
nine  twelfths  of  an  inch  long ;  egg-shape  or  narrow 
oval,  light  brown,  about  one  third  covered  by  cup  ; 
sweet.  October. 

Found,  from  Massachusetts  to  Delaware,  along  the  moun- 
tains to  Northern  Alabama  and  westward.  Very 
common  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 


A  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  strong  and  durable 

3d. 


wood. 


Fig-  59- — Black  Jack,  Jack  Oak,  Barren  Oak.    Q.  nigra,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  SLIGHTLY  LOBED  AT 
THE  UPPER  PART  (edge  of  the  lobes  entire). 

Outline,  abruptly  widening  above.  Base,  heart-shape  or 
rounded.  Apex  of  lobes,  rounded  or  sometimes 
slightly  pointed,  and  bristle-tipped,  at  least  until  old. 

Leaf,  three  to  four  inches  long  (on  vigorous  shoots  much 
longer)  ;  dark  green,  smooth,  and  shining  above  ; 
below  rusty  and  roughish,  thick  and  tough  ;  ribs 
distinct  above.  Lobes,  three  (sometimes  five),  very 
short,  and  above  the  middle  of  the  leaf. 

Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  blackish. 

Acorn,  nearly  or  quite  stemless.  Cup,  top-shaped,  coarsely 
scaly.  Nut,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long ; 
rounded  egg-shape  ;  darkish-brown  when  ripe  ;  nearly 
one  half  covered  by  the  cup.  October. 


Fig-  59-— Black  Jack.     (Q.  nigra,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


ii 6          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [Am 

Found,  on  Long  Island,  southward  and  westward.     Very 
common  through  the  Southern  States. 

A  small  tree,  eight  to  twenty-five  feet  high  ;  of  slight 
value  except  for  fuel. 


Fig.  60.— Spanish  Oak.     Q.  cuncata,  Wang.     Q.  falcbta,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  LOBED  (the  edges  of 
the  lobes  mostly  entire,  but  often  with  one  to  three 
teeth  toward  the  ends). 

Outline,  abruptly  spreading  above  the  middle.  Base, 
rounded,  sometimes  slightly  unequal.  Ends  of  the 
lobes  and  of  the  few  teeth,  when  present,  sharp  and 
bristle-tipped. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  six  inches  long ;  dark,  dull  green, 
and  rough  above  ;  below,  grayish  and  downy.  Lobes, 
usually  three,  sometimes  four  or  five,  mostly  long  and 
narrow,  especially  the  end  one. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  deeply  grooved. 

Acorns,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  shallow,  somewhat  top- 
shaped.  Nut,  about  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long  ; 
rounded,  sometimes  slightly  hollowed  at  the  apex ; 
bitter.  October. 

Found,  in  sandy  soils  and  barrens,  from  Long  Island 
southward  ;  in  the  Northern  States,  only  near  the 
coast  and  rare. 

A  tree  about  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  in  New  Jersey  ; 
in  the  South,  seventy  to  eighty  feet ;  with  wood  of  slight 
value  except  for  fuel. 


Fig.  60.— Spanish  Oak.    (Q.  cuneata,  Wang.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


n8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      |Ain 


Fig.  61. — Scarlet  Oak.     Q.  coccinea,  Wang. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  DEEPLY  LOBED  (edges 
of  lobes  mostly  entire,  but  notched  and  toothed 
towards  the  ends). 

Outline,  broadly  oval  or  broadly  reverse  egg-shape.  Base, 
very  short  wedge-shape  or  squared.  Ends  of  the 
lobes  and  of  the  teeth  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 

Leaf,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  bright  green  above,  slightly 
lighter  below ;  both  surfaces  smooth  and  shining. 
Lobes,  five  to  nine,  usually  seven  with  the  hollows 
rounded  and  very  broad,  and  reaching  about  two 
thirds  of  the  way  to  the  middle  rib.  Most  of  the 
lobes  widen  and  are  deeply  notched  toward  their  end. 

Bark  of  trunk,  thick  and  rough,  usually  not  quite  as  dark 
or  as  straight-furrowed  as  that  of  the  Black  Oak. 
The  inner  bark  reddish. 

Acorns,  variable.  Cup,  very  thick,  top-shaped,  with  large, 
somewhat  triangular  egg-shaped,  scales.  Nut,  one 
half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long ;  round  or 
rounded  egg-shape,  about  one  third  covered  by  the 
cup  ;  kernel  bitter  and  whitish.  October. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  southward  and  westward; 
most  common  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States. 

A  tree  fifty  to  ninety  feet  high,  with  wood  of  less  value 
than  some  of  the  other  oaks.  In  the  fall  the  leaves  turn 
to  a  bright  scarlet,  or  orange-scarlet,  or  crimson  and  red. 
They  often  cling  throughout  the  winter. 


X    X 


Fig.  61.— Scarlet  Oak.    (Q.  cocclnea,  Wang.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


120          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      FAIII 

Fig.  62,  a  and  b—  Black  Oak,  Yellow-Bark  Oak,  Quercitron, 
Yellow  Oak.     Q.  coccinea,  var.  tinctbria,  Gray.     Q.  tinctbria,  Bar. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  LOBED  (edge  of  the 
lobes  mostly  entire,  but  oftenest  with  a  few  teeth 
toward  the  end). 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Base,  usually  rounded. 
Ends  of  the  lobes  and  of  the  few  teeth,  sharp  and 
bristle-pointed,  especially  when  young. 

Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long ;  three  to  five  inches  wide ; 
very  variable.  The  two  types,  a  and  b,  are  often 
found  on  the  same  tree  ;  b  is  a  variation  toward  the 
leaf  of  the  Scarlet  Oak.  The  upper  surface  is  rough- 
ish,  becoming  smoother  when  mature  ;  the  under 
surface,  rusty-downy  until  mid-summer,  when  the 
down  mostly  disappears,  except  from  the  angles  of 
the  ribs. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  deeply  and  roughly  furrowed, 
with  an  inner  bark  that  is  very  thick  and  yellow  and 
bitter. 

Acorns,  variable  ;  usually  small ;  on  short  stems.  Cup, 
thick ;  somewhat  top-shaped  ;  scales  distinct  and 
rather  large.  Nut,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long  ;  rounded  ;  nearly  one  third  covered  by  the  cup. 
Kernel,  bright  yellow  or  orange  and  bitter.  October. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  southward  and  westward. 
Very  common,  especially  in  the  Atlantic  forests. 

A  tree  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet  high,  with  wood  that  is 
inferior  to  that  of  the  White  Oak.  The  yellow  inner  Nark 
(quercitron  of  the  shops)  is  a  valuable  dye,  and  is  rich  iu 
tannin.  Late  in  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  to  a  rich 
yellowish-brown  or  russet. 


\ 


\ 


\ 
V 


Fig.  62,  a  and  b. — Black  Oak.     (Q.  c.,  tinctdria,  Gray.) 

FRUIT  AND  LEAVES  REDUCED  ONE  FOURTH- 


122          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

It  is  very  probable  that  the  "Black  Oak"  and  the 
"  Scarlet  Oak "  ought  to  be  considered  as  one,  and  de- 
scribed, not  as  species  and  variety,  but  as  slightly  different 
forms  of  the  single  species  Q.  coccinea.  Though  the 
most  distinctive  leaves  of  the  "  Black  Oak "  are  easily 
recognized,  often  others  are  so  nearly  like  those  of  the 
"  Scarlet  Oak  "  that  it  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  between 
them  ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  fruit  and  the  bark. 
Michaux  f.  says  :  "  The  only  constant  difference  between 
the  acorns  of  the  Scarlet  Oak  and  the  Black  Oak  is  in  the 
kernel,  which  is  white  in  the  Scarlet  Oak  and  yellow  in 
the  Black  Oak." 


The  Gray  Oak  (Q.  c.,  ambigua,  Gray)  is  a  variety 
sometimes  found  along  the  northeastern  boundary  of  the 
States  (as  far  as  Lake  Champlain)  and  northward.  It 
combines  the  foliage  of  the  Red  Oak  with  the  acorn  of 
the  Scarlet  Oak. 

Fig.  63.— Red  Oak.     Q.  rubra,  L. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;   ALTERNATE  ;   EDGE  LOBED  (edges  of  the 

lobes  mostly  entire,  but  slightly  toothed  toward  the 

ends). 
Outline,  about  oval.    Base,  short  wedge-shape,  or  rounded. 

Ends  of  the  lobes  and  of  their  one  to  three  slight 

teeth,  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 
Leaf,  six  to  nine  inches  long,  three  to  five  inches  wide ; 

both  surfaces  smooth.     Lobes,  nine  to  thirteen,  usually 

very  tapering  from  the  base,  with  the  hollows  between 

them  rounded  and  narrow  and  extending  about  half 

way  to  the  middle  rib. 
Bark  of  trunk,  dark,  greenish-gray,  and  continuing  smooth 

longer  than  on  any  other  oak,  never  becoming  as 

rough,  for  example,  as  that  of  the  black  oak. 


Fig.  63.— Red  Oak.    (Q.  rubra,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZB. 


124          Trees  with  Sim-pie  Leaves.      [Am 

4 

Acorns,  large  and  stemless,  or  nearly  so.  Cup,  flat  saucer- 
shape,  bulging,  very  shallow,  nearly  smooth,  with 
small  scales.  Nut,  about  one  inch  long,  somewhat 
egg-shape  ;  bitter.  October. 

Found,  from  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  westward  and 
southward.  Very  common,  especially  at  the  North,  and 
extending  farther  north  than  any  other  Atlantic  oak. 
A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  wood  that  at  the 
East  is  porous  and  not  durable  (though  often  of  better 
quality  westward).      It   is    used    for   clapboards    and    in 
cooperage.     The  leaves  change  in  the  fall  to  dark  red. 

Fig.  64. — Pin  Oak,  Swamp  Spanish  Oak,  Water  Oak.     Q. 
paliistris,  D.  Roi. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  LOBED  (edges  of  the 
lobes  mostly  entire,  but  notched  and  toothed  towards 
the  ends). 

Outline,  narrow  oval  or  broad  oval.  Base,  from  long 
wedge-shape  to  squared.  Ends  of  lobes  and  of  the 
teeth  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long;  both  sides  bright  green, 
smooth,  and  shining ;  downy  in  the  angles  of  the  ribs 
below.  Lobes,  seven  to  nine,  usually  seven,  with  the 
hollows  between  them  broad  and  round  and  usually 
reaching  about  three  fourths  of  the  way  or  more  to 
the  middle  rib.  The  wide  type  of  leaf  closely  re- 
sembles the  leaves  of  the  scarlet  oak,  but  it  is  smaller 
and  usually  the  hollows  reach  nearer  to  the  middle  rib. 

Bark,  smoothish  (comparatively),  inner  bark  reddish. 

Acorns,  numerous,  small,  on  short  stems.  Cup,  top-shaped, 
shallow,  and  nearly  smooth.  Nut,  rounded,  one  half 
inch  long  or  less,  sometimes  broader  than  long,  light 
brown.  October. 


Fig.  64.— Pin  Oak.     (Q.  pal&stris,  D.  Roi.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


126          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       FA  in 

Found,  from  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  to  Central  New 
York,  southward  to  Delaware  and  the  District  of 
Columbia  ;  in  Southern  Wisconsin  and  southward ; 
usually  along  streams  and  on  low,  wet  land.  Most 
common  and  reaching  its  finest  growth  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

A  handsome  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  usually  with 
a  pointed  top  and  with  light  and  delicate  foliage.  The 
wood  is  rather  coarse  and  not  durable.  It  takes  its  name 
of  Pin  Oak  from  the  peg-like  look  of  the  dead  twigs  and 
short  branches  with  which  the  lower  parts  of  the  tree  are 
usually  set. 


Fig.  65.— Willow  Oak,  Peach-leaved  Oak.     Q.  Phellos,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  long  and  narrow.  Apex,  pointed  and  bristle- 
tipped.  Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  three  to  four  inches  long  (sometimes  five)  ;  one  half 
to  seven  eighths  of  an  inch  wide  ;  rather  thick  and 
stiff;  smooth  and  shining  above  ;  somewhat  dull  be- 
neath ;  very  young  leaves,  light  green  above  and  soft, 
whity-downy  beneath. 

Bark,  thick  and  smoothish. 

Acorns,  small,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  rather  shallow, 
saucer-shaped,  or  somewhat  rounded  top-shape, 
Nut,  about  three  eighths  of  an  inch  long,  rounded 
brown  ;  kernel,  bitter  and  bright  orange.  October. 

Found,  from  Staten   Island  and   New  Jersey  southward 
along  the  coast  to  Northeastern  Florida  and  the  Gulf 
States,  and  from  Kentucky  southwestward.     Usually 
on  the  borders  of  swamps  and  in  sandy  woods. 
A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  poor  wood. 


Fig.  65.— Willow  Oak.    (Q.  Phellos,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


128          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

Fig.  66.— Shingle  Oak,  Laurel  Oak.     Q.  imbricaria,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  long  and  narrow.  Apex,  pointed  and  bristle- 
tipped.  Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long ;  one  to  two  inches  wide ; 
smooth  and  shining  above  ;  somewhat  downy  be- 
neath ;  thick  and  stiff. 

Bark,  smooth  and  unbroken. 

Acorns,  small,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  shallow.  Nuts,  round- 
ed ;  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter  ;  bitter.  October. 

Found,  in  Lehigh  County,   Pennsylvania  (Porter),  west- 
ward to  Southeastern  Iowa,  and  southward.      Most 
common  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  poor  wood,  that 

is  used  at  the  West  for  shingles  and  clapboards. 

NOTE. — Of  the  nine  hybrids  that  have  been  recognized,  most  are  outside  of  our 
limits  or  entirely  local.  Mention  need  be  made  only  of  two  : 

Q.  heterophylla,  Michaux  ("  Bartram's  Oak  ").  Staten  Island  and  New  Jersey  to 
Delaware  and  North  Carolina. 

Q.  Rudklni,  Britt.     New  Jersey. 


THE  OAK. 

Live  thy  Life, 

Young  and  old, 
Like  yon  oak, 
Bright  in  spring, 

Living  gold ; 

Summer-rich 

Then  ;  and  then 
Autumn-changed, 
Sober-hued 

Gold  again. 

All  his  leaves 

Fall'n  at  length, 
Look,  he  stands, 
Trunk  and  bough, 

Naked  strength." 

ALFRED  (LORD)  TENNYSON,  1889, 


NOTE. — See  Sassafras  (S.  officinale),  under  Section  A,  /.,  page  18. 
NOTE. — See  Button-wood  (P.  occidentals),  under  Section  A,  //.,  page  53. 


Fig.  66.— Shingle  Oak.     (Q.  imbricaria,  Michx.) 

NATURAL    SIZF. 


i3°          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [A  in 

Genus  LIQUIDAMBER,  L.     (Sweet  Gum.) 
Fig.  67.— Sweet  Gum,  Bilsted.    L.  styradflua,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  DEEPLY  LOBED  (lobes 
finely  and  sharply  toothed  throughout). 

Outline,  rounded.  The  lobes  are  five  to  seven,  radiating 
from  the  base.  Apex  of  the  lobes,  pointed.  Base 
of  the  leaf,  heart-shape. 

Leaf,  three  to  seven  inches  in  diameter,  smooth  and 
shining,  with  a  pleasant  odor  when  bruised.  Ribs 
tufted  at  their  angles. 

. 

Bark,  gray  ;  usually  strongly  winged  with  corky  ridges 
along  the  branchlets.  In  the  South,  a  spicy  gum, 
from  which  the  tree  takes  its  name,  oozes  from  the 
bark. 

Fruit,  small  woody  pods  are  collected  into  a  round  bail. 
These  usually  contain  a  few  good  seeds  and  a  large 
number  of  others  that  resemble  saw-dust.  Septem- 
ber. 

Found,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  It 
reaches  its  finest  growth  and  is  very  common  in  the 
bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  basin. 

A  fine  tree  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  or  southward 
one  hundred  feet  and  more.  The  wood  is  valuable,  and 
would  be  better  appreciated  except  for  the  difficulty 
of  seasoning  it.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute 
for  Black  Walnut.  Its  gum  is  used  medicinally. 


NOTE  i. — See  Mulberry,  under  A,  //.,  page  50. 

NOTE  2. — See  Paper  Mulberry,  under  A,  //.,  page  52. 

NOTE  3. — See  Silver  Poplar,  with  its  genus,  under  A,  II. ,  page  94. 


Fig.  67.— Sweet  Gum.     (L.  styraclflua,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


CONTINUED 


LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

(EDGE    ENTIRE) 
B    I 


Genus  CORNUS,  L.     (Dogwood.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  horn,  because  of  the  hardness  of  the  wood. 

Fig.  68. — Flowering  Dogwood,  Cornel.     C.  fibrida,  L 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  egg-shape,  or  often  broad  oval,  or  reverse  egg- 
shape.  Apex,  pointed,  often  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed  and  usually  slightly  unequal. 

Leaf-stem,  short  (about  one  half  inch). 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long ;  smooth  above  ;  pale  and 
nearly  smooth  beneath  ;  with  the  whitish  ribs  very 
distinct  and  curved. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  rough,  with  short,  broken 
ridges.  The  bark,  especially  of  the  roots,  is  very 
bitter  and  is  used  as  a  tonic. 

Flowers.  The  real  flowers  are  greenish-yellow,  in  a  small, 
rounded  bunch  ;  but  this  bunch  is  surrounded  by 
four  large,  petal-like  leaves,  white  and  often  tinged 
with  pink,  more  than  an  inch  in  length,  reverse  egg- 
shaped,  and  ending  in  a  hard,  abruptly  turned  point 
The  appearance  is  of  a  single  large  flower.  The  tree 
blossoms  in  May  before  the  leaves  are  fully  set. 

Fruit.  The  "flower"  is  succeeded  by  a  bunch  of  oval 
berries  that  turn  bright  red  as  they  ripen,  making  the 
tree  in  the  autumn,  with  its  richly  changing  foliage, 
nearly  as  attractive  as  in  the  spring. 

134 


Fig.  68. — Flowering  Dogwood.     (C.  florida,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


f 36          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [B  i 

Found,  in  rich  woods,  from  New  England  to  Minnesota, 
and  southward  to  Florida  and  Texas.  It  is  very 
common,  especially  at  the  South. 

A  finely  shaped,  rather  flat-branching  tree,  usually 
twelve  to  thirty  feet  high,  but  dwindling,  northward,  to 
the  dimensions  of  a  shrub  ;  one  of  the  most  ornamental  of 
all  our  native  flowering  trees.  Its  character  throughout 
and  the  extent  of  its  range  would  seem  to  warrant  the 
recognition  of  its  blossom  as  the  "  national  flower." 


Fig.  69.  —  Alternate-leaved    Dogwood,    Alternate-leaved 
Cornel.     C.  alternifilia,  L.  f. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  ALTERNATE  (often  crowded  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches)  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  broadly  oval  or  egg-shape  or  reverse  egg-shape. 
Base,  slightly  pointed.  Apex,  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  one  inch  long  or  more. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  four  inches  long,  sometimes  yellowish- 
green  ;  smooth  above ;  whitish  beneath,  and  slightly 
rough  between  the  prominent  curved  ribs,  seldom 
entirely  flat,  usually  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  smooth,  yellowish-green,  with 
whitish  streaks. 

Flowers,  yellowish  in  loose  flat  clusters.     June. 

Fruit,  very  dark  blue  when  ripe,  on  reddish  stems, 
August. 


Fig.  69.— Alternate-leaved  Dogwood.    (C.  alternifolia,  L.  t) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


138          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [B  i 

Found,  in  low  rich  woods  and  along  streams,  from  New 
Brunswick  through  the  Northern  States,  and  south- 
ward along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  with 
wide-spreading  branches  and  flattish  top.  A  "Shaker 
Medicine  "  is  made  from  its  bitter  bark. 


Genus  CHIONANTHUS,  L.     (Fringe  Tree.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  " snow"  and  "  flowers." 

Fig.  70.— Fringe  Tree.     C.  Virgmica,  L. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  oval,  long  oval,  or  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex, 
pointed  (or  sometimes  rounded).  Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  smooth. 

Flowers,  with  narrow  petals  nearly  an  inch  in  'length, 
snow-white,  in  long,  loose,  and  drooping  clusters. 
June. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  oval,  purplish, 
with  one  stony  seed. 

Found,  along  the  banks  of  streams  from  New  Jersey  and 
Southern  Pennsylvania  southward.  Common  and 
very  ornamental  in  cultivation. 

A  small  tree  eight  to  twenty-five  feet  high,  or  often  a 
shrub. 


Fig.  70.  -Fringe  Tree.    (C.  Virginica,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


140          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [B  i 

Genus  CATALPA,  Scop.,  Walt.     (Catalpa.) 

Probably  a  corruption  of  the  Indian  word  Catawba,  which  was  the  name  of  an  impor- 
tant tribe  that  occupied  a  large  part  of  Georgia  and  the  Carol  inas. 

Fig.  71.— Catalpa,  Catawba,  Indian  Bean.     C.  bignonoides,  Walt. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  broad  egg-shape  or  heart-shape.  Apex,  pointed. 
Base,  heart-shape. 

Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  wide ;  smooth  above,  downy 
below,  especially  on  the  ribs. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  silver-gray,  only  slightly  furrowed. 

Flowers,  very  showy  and  fragrant,  in  large,  upright 
pyramid-shaped  clusters ;  white  or  violet-tinged, 
spotted  inside  with  yellow  and  purple.  July. 

Fruit,  in  long,  rounded  pods  (six  to  twelve  inches  long, 
about  half  an  inch  in  diameter),  with  the  seeds 
winged  and  fringed.  They  often  remain  through- 
out the  winter.  October. 

Found,  now  very  widely  naturalized  throughout  the 
Middle  and  Southern  Atlantic  States,  though  for- 
merly a  rare  and  local  Southern  tree. 

A  low,  very  ornamental  tree,  usually  twenty  to  thirty 
feet  high.      Its  seeds  and  bark  are  considered  medicinal. 


Another  species,  C.  speciosa,  Ward,  larger  and  of 
more  value,  is  sometimes  met  with  in  Southern  Illinois 
and  the  adjoining  States. 


Fig.  71.— Catalpa.     (C.  bignonoides,  Walt.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE   THIRD. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 
LEAVES    OPPOSITE 


(EDGE  TOOTHED) 
B    II 


Genus  VIBURNUM,  L.     (Haw  and  Viburnum.) 

Fig.  72.— Black  Haw,  Stag  Bush.     V.  prunifolium,  L. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  FINELY  AND  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  broadly  oval,  or  broadly  reverse  egg-shape. 
Apex,  rounded,  sometimes  pointed.  Base,  rounded, 
sometimes  slightly  pointed.  Quite  variable. 

Leaf -stem,  short  and  smooth,  the  edges  slightly  winged, 
the  wings  straight. 

Leaf,  about  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long ;  smooth  ; 
shining  above. 

Flowers,  white,  in  rather  large  and  flat,  stemless  bunches 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  May. 

Berries,  oval,  blackish,  sweet  and  edible. 

Found,  in  Connecticut  and  Southern  New  York  to 
Michigan  and  southward. 

A  small  tree  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  or  oftenest 
at  the  North  a  low,  much-branching  shrub.  Usually 
with  some  of  its  branches  stunted  and  bare. 

The  tonic  bark  is  sometimes  used  medicinally. 

144 


Fig.  73 


Fig.  72. — Black  Haw.    (V.  prunifdlium,  L.) 
Fig.  73.— Sweet  Viburnum.     (V.  lentago,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


146          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        LB  n 


Fig.  73. — Sweet    Viburnum,    Sheep    Berry,    Nanny    Berry. 

V.  lentago,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  CLOSELY  AND  SHARPLY 
TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  rr/und.  Quite 
variable. 

Leaf-stem,  winged  on  both  sides  with  a  wavy  border ; 
when  young,  sprinkled  with  brownish  glands. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  half  as  wide  or 
more  ;  smooth. 

Flowers,  white,  in  flat,  stemless  clusters.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  one  half  inch  long;  oval;  sweetish;  red,  becom- 
ing almost  black  when  ripe  ;  edible. 

Found,  from  Hudson's  Bay  through  the  Northern  States, 
southward  to  Georgia.  Common  in  swamps  and 
rich,  moist  soil. 

A  tree  fifteen   to   twenty  feet  high,  w'th  hard,  ill- 
smelling  wood. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES   OPPOSITE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE   LOBED) 
B  in 


Genus  ACER,  L.     (Maple.) 

From  a  Latin  word  meaning  sharp,  because  of  the  ancient  use  of  the  wood  for  spear- 
heads and  other  weapons. 


Fig.  74. — Striped  Maple,  Moosewood,  Whistlewood,  Goose- 
foot  Maple.     A.  Pennsylv&nicum.  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  LOBED,  with  the  lobes 
very  finely  and  sharply  toothed. 

Outline,  rounded  in  the  lower  half,  three-lobed  above 
with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes  sharp.  Apex  of 
the  lobes,  slim  and  pointed.  Base,  more  or  less 
heart-shape. 

Bark,  smooth,  green,  and  peculiarly  marked  lengthwise 
with  dark  stripes. 

Flowers,  large,  yellowish-green.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  with  spreading  pale-green  wings,  in  long  clusters. 

Found,  in  Canada,  through  the  Northern  Atlantic  States, 
westward  to  Northeastern  Minnesota,  and  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  to  Georgia. 

A  small  and  slender  tree  or  shrub,   usually  ten  to 
twenty-five  feet  high. 

148 


Fig.  74. — Striped  Maple.     (A.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i5°          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [BUI 

Fig.  75. — Sugar  Maple,  Hard  Maple,  Rock  Maple.    A.  sac- 
charum,  Marsh.     A.  saccharinum,  Wang. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  LOBED,  with  the  lobes 
very  sparingly  and  coarsely  sharp-toothed  or  the 
lower  pair  entire. 

Outline,  rounded,  with  three  to  five  lobes,  usually  five, 
with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes  and  between  the 
coarse  teeth  rounded.  Apex  of  the  lobes,  pointed. 
Base,  heart-shaped  or  nearly  squared. 

Leaf,  dark  green  above  ;  slightly  lighter  beneath  ;  smooth 
or  somewhat  downy  on  the  ribs  ;  closely  resembling 
that  of  the  introduced  "  Norway  Maple  "  but  lacking 
the  latter's  milky-juiced  leaf-stem. 

Bark,  light  gray,  usually  smoothish  when  young,  becoming 
rough  and  scaly. 

Flowers,  yellowish-green  and  very  abundant.     April,  May. 

Fruit,  greenish-yellow,  smooth,  drooping,  on  thread-like 
and  hairy  stems  one  to  two  inches  long,  with  wings 
about  one  inch  long,  broad  and  slightly  spreading. 
September. 

Found,  from  Southern  Canada  through  the  Northern 
States,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  westward  to  Minnesota,  Eastern  Nebraska,  and 
Eastern  Texas.  Its  finest  development  is  in  the 
region  of  the  Great  Lakes.  It  grows  in  rich  woods ; 
often  it  forms  "groves,"  sometimes  extensive  forests. 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high  or  more ;  of  very  great 
value  in  many  directions, — as  a  shade-tree,  for  fuel,  for 


75-— Sugar  Maple.    (A.  saccharum,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i52          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [Bin 

interior  finish  and  the  making  of  furniture,  for  its  ashes, 
which  give  large  quantities  of  potash  ;  especially  for  its 
sap,  which  yields  the  "  maple  sugar"  of  commerce. 

Accidental  variations  furnish  the  handsome  Bird's-eye 
Maple  and  Curled  Maple. 


The  yield  of  sugar  by  an  average  tree  in  one  season 
is  from  five  to  ten  pounds. 


Fig.  76. — Black  Maple.     A.  s.,  var.  nigrum,  T.  and  G. 

This  variety  is  distinguished  from  its  species  (i.  e.t 
from  the  Sugar  Maple)  by  the  shape  of  its  leaf,  which, 
however,  is  somewhat  variable,  and  also  by  the  following 
items  : 

Bark,  blackish. 

Base  of  the  leaf,  when  heart-shaped,  sometimes  with  over- 
lapping lobes. 

Seed-wings,  set  wide  apart,  but  only  slightly  diverging. 

Found,  chiefly  along  streams  and  in  river  bottoms,  from 
Western  Vermont  to  Missouri  and  Northern  Alabama. 


Fig-  77-— Silver  Maple,  White  Maple,  Soft  Maple.    A.  sac- 
charinum,  L.     A.  dasycarpum,  Ehr. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  DEEPLY  LOBED,  with  the 
lobes  unequally  notched  and  toothed. 

Outline,  rounded,  with  five  lobes  (the  lowest  pair  much 
the  smallest),  and  with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes 
pointed  and  usually  extending  half  way  to  the  base  of 


Fig.  76.— Black  Maple.    (A.  s.,  var.  nigrum.) 

KATURAL  SIZE. 


154          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [BUI 

the  leaf.    Apex  of  lobes,  pointed.    Base,  heart-shaped 
or  nearly  squared. 

Leaf,  silvery  white  beneath  ;  downy  when  young,  becom- 
ing smooth. 

Flowers,  small,  pale,  yellowish- green  ;  in  crowded  clusters. 
March,  April. 

Fruit,  yellowish-green  ;  woolly  when  young,  becoming 
nearly  smooth  ;  on  stems  about  one  inch  long,  with 
very  large,  wide-spreading  wings  (two  to  three  inches 
long),  one  of  which  is  often  undeveloped.  July,  August. 

Found,  widely  distributed,  but  most  common  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  and  southward. 

A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  soft,  white  wood 
of  comparatively  slight  value. 

Fig.    78.— Red    Maple,    Swamp    Maple,    Soft    Maple.      A. 

rubrum,   L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  LOBED,  with  the  lobes 
irregularly  sharp-toothed  and  notched. 

Outline,  roundish,  with  three  to  five  lobes  (the  lowest 
pair,  if  present,  the  smallest)  ;  and  with  the  hollows 
between  the  lobes  pointed  and  usually  extending 
less  than  half-way  to  the  base  of  the  leaf.  Apex  of 
the  lobes,  pointed.  Base,  heart-shaped  (or  sometimes 
rounded. 

Leaf -stem,  long  and  round. 

Leaf  (very  variable  in  size  and  in  the  toothing  and  shape 
of  its  lobes)  ;  usually  about  two  to  four  inches  wide, 
with  short  lobes  ;  whitish  beneath. 


77-— Silver-Leaf  Maple.    (A.  sacchartnum,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


i56          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [Bin 

Bark,  smoothish  ;  gray,  becoming  dark  and  rough  with 
age. 

Flowers,  rich  crimson,  on  short  stems  in  drooping  clusters. 
March,  April. 

Fruit,  bright  red,  smooth,  with  stems  two  to  three  inches 
long.  The  wings  are  about  one  inch  long.  At  first 
they  approach  each  other,  but  afterward  are  some- 
what spreading.  September. 

Found,  widely  distributed  in  swamps  and  along  streams, 
especially  in  all  wet  forests  eastward  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  Atlantic,  and  from  Southern  Canada 
to  Florida  and  Texas. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  wood  of  con- 
siderable value,  especially  when  it  shows  a  "curly  grain." 
It  is  one  of  the  very  earliest  trees  to  blossom  in  the 
spring,  and  to  show  its  autumn  coloring  in  the  fall. 


Besides  the  above  native  Maples,  modified  and  intro- 
duced forms  are  often  met  with  in  cultivation.  Among 
them  are  the  Silver-striped  Maple,  the  Cut-leaved  Maple 
(with  the  lobes  extending  nearly  from  the  base  of  the 
leaf)  ;  the  Norway  Maple  [A.  platanoides,  L.]  (with  a 
leaf  resembling  those  of  the  Sugar  Maple,  but  dis- 
tinguished from  them  by  the  milky  juice  of  its  leaf-stem, 
and  with  large  and  very  broadly  flaring  seed-wings)  ;  the 
False  Sycamore  [A.  pseudo-platanus]  (with  its  leaf 
resembling  that  of  the  Norway  Maple  in  general  shape, 
but  having  its  lobes  much  more  closely  and  more  finely 
toothed,  and  with  its  large  winged  seeds  short  stemmed 
and  arranged  in  long,  drooping  clusters) ;  and,  less 
frequently,  the  Japanese  Maple. 


Fig.  78.— Red  Maple.     (A.  rubrum,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


CONTINUED 


LEAVES    INDETERMINATE 
c  i 


GUIDE    FOR   THE   CONE-BEARING  TREES. 

PAGR 

Leaves  clustered,  in  groups  of  two  to  five  (Pines)         ....  162—167 

(a)  in  groups  of  two  (Gray,  Scrub,  Table  Mountain,  Red,  and  Yellow 

Pines) 162-165 

(6)  in  groups  of  three  (Pitch  and  sometimes  Yellow  Pines)     .         .         .     166 
(c)  in  groups  of  five  (White  Pine) 168 

Leaves  clustered,  in  many-leaved  groups  (Larch) 175 

Leaves  not  clustered,  flat,  and,  when  young,  arranged  all  around  the  twigs. 

becoming  two-ranked  (Fir) 174 

Leaves  not  clustered,  flat,  and  arranged  in  two  distinct  ranks  (Hemlock)     .         .     172 

Leaves  not  clustered,  needle-shaped,  four-sided,  and  arranged  all  around  the 

twigs  (Spruce) 168-172 

Leaves  not  clustered,  scale-like  (Arbor  Vitae  and  Cedars)     ....      178-180 


CONE-BEARING   TREES. 


Genus  PIN  US,  L.     (Pine.) 

From  a  Celtic  word  meaning  rock  or  mountain. 

Fig.  79. — Gray  Pine,   Northern  Scrub  Pine,   Prince's  Pine. 

P.  Banksiana,  Lam. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved,  sheathed  bunches. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  about  one  inch  long,  pointed,  stiff, 
curved,  rounded  on  the  back,  grooved  above. 

Cones,  nearly  two  inches  long,  gray,  usually  in  pairs,  and 
curved  like  small  horns,  with  a  peculiar  habit  of 
always  pointing  in  the  same  direction  as  the  branches. 
Scales,  blunt,  smooth,  not  armed  with  points  or  knobs. 

Found,  along  the  northern  frontier  of  the  United  States 
and  far  northward.  Its  best  growth  is  north  of 
Lake  Superior. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  or  often  a  shrub,  five  to  thirty 
feet  high,  with  long,  spreading  branches,  and  light,  soft 
wood  that  is  of  but  slight  value. 

161 


162          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [ci 

Fig.  80. — Jersey   Pine,   Scrub   Pine.    P.   Virginiana,  Mill.    P 
tnops,  Ait. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  one  and  three  fourths  to  two  and 
three  fourths  inches  long,  stiff,  bluntish  ;  on  the  outer 
side  smooth  and  rounded ;  on  the  inner  side  flat,  and 
rough  downwards. 

Cones,  one  and  three  fourths  to  three  inches  long,  usually 
single  and  pointing  downward.  Scales,  tipped  with 
a  stiff,  straight  prickle. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  rough  and  blackish.  Young  branches 
smooth  (in  other  pines  scaly).  Twigs,  purplish. 

Found,  from  Long  Island  along  the  coast  to  South  Caro- 
lina, and  through  Eastern  and  Middle  Kentucky  to 
Southeastern  Indiana;  in  sandy  and  generally  barren 
soil. 

An  evergreen  tree  fifteen  to  forty  feet  high,  irregular 
in  shape  and  with  straggling,  spreading,  or  drooping 
branches.  The  timber  is  very  "pitchy,"  soft,  and  durable, 
but  poor  even  for  fuel. 


"  Next  to  the  Gray  Pine,  the  Jersey  Pine  is  the  most 
uninteresting  species  of  the  United  States." — MICHAUX,  f. 

Fig.  81. — Table  Mountain  Pine,  Hickory  Pine.     P.  pungens> 
Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 


Fig.  79 


Fig.  80 


Fig-  79.— Gray  Pine.     (P.  Banksiana,  Lam.) 

Fig.  80.— Scrub  Pine.     (P.  Virginiana,  Mill.) 

Fig.  81.— Table  Mountain  Pine.    (P.  pungens,  Michx.) 

Fig.  82.— Red  Pine.    (P.  resindsa.  Ait.) 

NATURAL    P'ZE. 


1 64          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  about  two  and  one  half  inches  long , 
stiff;  outer  side  smooth  and  rounded  ;  inner  side 
hollowed. 

Cones,  about  three  and  one  half  inches  long,  of  a  light 
yellow  color,  stemless,  often  united  in  clusters  of 
fours.  Scales,  with  a  stout  spine,  widening  at  its 
base,  one  sixth  of  an  inch  in  length. 

found,  within  narrower  limits  than  any  other  American 
Pine  ;  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Tennessee,  especially  upon  Table  Mountain 
in  North  Carolina,  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the 
range. 

A  tree  ten  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  light  and  soft  wood, 
largely  used  for  charcoal. 

Fig.  82. — Red  Pine,  Norway  Pine.      P.  resinbsa,  Ait.     P.  rubra, 
Michoc,  f. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  five  to  eight  inches  long ;  dark,  dull, 
green  ;  rounded  and  smooth  on  the  outside  ;  on  the 
inside  hollowed. 

Cones,  about  two  to  three  inches  long ;  rounded  at  the 
base  ;  sometimes  crowded  in  large  clusters.  Scales, 
not  armed  with  points  or  knobs. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  comparatively  smooth  and  reddish,  of 
a  clearer  red  than  that  of  any  other  species  in  the 
United  States. 


Leaves  Indeterminate.  165 

Found,  in  dry  and  sandy  soil  from  Newfoundland  and  the 
northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the 
Winnipeg  River,  through  the  Northern  States  to 
Massachusetts,  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Penn- 
sylvania. Rare  in  the  Eastern  States,  except  in  the 
extreme  northern  parts  of  New  England. 

An  evergreen  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  or  more, 
with  hard  and  durable  wood,  useful  for  all  kinds  of  con- 
struction. It  is  low-branching  and  regular  in  shape. 


In  a  note  given  in  confirmation  of  his  estimate  of  the 
height  of  the  red  pine,  Michaux  says  that  when  the 
French  in  Quebec  built  the  war-ship  St.  Lawrence,  fifty 
guns,  they  made  its  main-mast  of  this  pine. 

Fig.  83.— Yellow  Pine,  Short-leaved  Pine,  Spruce  Pine.    P. 

ecpinata,  Mill.     P.  mifis,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved  sheathed  bunches.  (On  vigorous  young 
shoots  the  leaves  are  sometimes  clustered  in  threes, 
not  on  the  old  branches.) 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  two  and  a  half  to  five  inches  long, 
usually  four  to  five  inches  ;  dark  green  ;  slender ; 
rounded  on  the  outer  side ;  on  the  inner  side, 
hollowed. 

Cone,  about  two  to  three  inches  long,  in  old  trees  scarcely 
more  than  one  and  a  half  inches  long ;  the  smallest 
of  the  American  Pine  cones  ;  surface  roughened  by 
the  slightly  projecting  ends  of  the  scales  ;  not  grow- 
ing in  large  clusters.  Scales,  tipped  with  a  weak 
prickle  pointing  outward. 


1 66          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [C  i 

Found,  in  Staten  Island  and  New  Jersey,  and  southward 
to  Western  Florida ;  through  the  Gulf  States, 
Arkansas,  and  parts  of  Kansas,  Missouri,  and 
Illinois. 

An  evergreen  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  highs  with 
straight  trunk,  regular  branches,  and  pyramid-shaped 
head.  The  timber  is  hard  and  very  valuable,  second  in 
value  (among  the  Yellow  Pines)  only  to  the  "  Georgia 
Pine  "  (P.  palustris — "  Long-leaved  Pine,"  "  Southern 
Pine  "). 

Fig.  84.— Pitch  Pine.     P.  rigida,  Mill. 
Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;    INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 

tneir  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 

three-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 
Leaf,  needle-shaped,  three  to  six  inches  long  ;  stiff  and 

sharp  ;  the  outer  side  flattish  ;  the  inner  side  slightly 

ridged,  and  rough  downwards. 
Bark,  very  thick  and  rough,  and  deeply  fissured  ;  dark, 

often  with  a  reddish  or  purplish  tinge. 
Cones,  two  to  three  inches  long,  oftenest  in  clusters  of 

two  to  four.     Scales,  tipped  with  stiff  and  sometimes 

curved  prickles. 
Found,  from  New  Brunswick  to  Lake  Ontario,  through 

the     Atlantic    States    to     Northern     Georgia,     and 

extending  to  the    western    slope  of    the   Alleghany 

Mountains,  in  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky.    Usually 

in  dry,  sandy  soil,  sometimes  in  deep  swamps.    Very 

common. 

An  evergreen  tree  thirty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with 
very  irregular  branches,  and  a  trunk  that  is  seldom 
straight  to  the  top.  The  wood  is  hard  and  full  of  pitch, 
of  slight  value  except  for  fuel  and  charcoal  and  coarse 
lumber. 


ig.  83.— Yellow  Pine.    (P.  ecpinata,  Mill. 
Fig.  84.— Pitch  Pine.    (P.  rlgida,  Mill.) 
Fig.  85.— White  Pine.     (P.  Strobus,  L  ) 

NATURAL    SIZE 


1 68          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Fig.  85.— White  Pine,  Weymouth  Pine.    P.  Strobus,  L. 
Leaves,   SIMPLE  ;    INDETERMINATE   in  position   because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
Jive-leaved  bunches,  with  their  sheaths  lacking  or  very 
short,  excepting  when  young. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  three  to  five  inches  long,  light  bluish- 
green,  three-sided,  soft,  and  very  slender. 

Cones,  four  to  six  inches  long,  cylinder-shape,  about  one 
inch  in  diameter  before  the  scales  loosen  ;  solitary, 
drooping,  slightly  curved.  Scales,  thin,  without 
prickles. 

Bark  of  trunk,  lighter  than  in  the  other  pines  ;  in  young 
trees  smooth,  and  only  slightly  rough  when  older. 

Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  the  Winnipeg  River, 
southward  through  the  Northern  States,  and  along 
the  •  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Georgia.  Its  finest 
growth  is  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

An  evergreen  tree  of  soft  and  delicate  foliage.,  eighty 
to  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high  ;  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able timber  trees  of  any  country.  The  wood  is  clear  of 
knots,  straight-grained,  and  soft,  and  is  used  in  immense 
quantities  for  building  and  in  many  kinds  of  manufactur- 
ing. The  branches  are  given  off  in  flat,  regular  whorls 
around  the  straight  trunk. 

Genus  PICEA,  Link.     (Spruce.) 

Fig.  86.— Black  Spruce.     P.  Martina  (Mill)  £.  S.  P.     P.  nigra, 

Link. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness ;  arranged  singly  and  thickly  all 
around  the  branchlets. 


Fig.  86 


Fig.  87 


Fig.  86.— Black  Spruce.     P.  Mariana  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 
Fig.  87.— White  Spruce.     P.  Canadensis  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


1 70          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  five  twelfths  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long,  four-sided,  mostly  straight,  stiff,  and  sharp ; 
dark  green. 

Cones,  three  fourths  to  one  and  one  half  inches  long, 
drooping  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  broad  oval ; 
dark  purple  when  young,  becoming  reddish-brown 
as  they  ripen.  Scales,  long  reverse  egg-shape,  thin, 
with  a  wavy  or  toothed  edge  toward  their  apex. 

Found,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  the  high 
peaks  of  North  Carolina  to  Pennsylvania,  through 
the  Northern  States,  and  far  northward.  In  the 
North  it  often  forms  large,  dark  forests. 

An  evergreen  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with 
straight,  tapering  trunk.  The  wood  is  light  and  straight- 
grained  and  is  used  for  lumber,  for  the  masts  and  spars  of 
ships,  in  building,  etc.  From  its  twigs  is  prepared  the 
"  essence  of  spruce." 


Fig.  87.  —  White   Spruce.      P.  Canadtnsis  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 
P.  alba,  Link. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  all  around  the 
branchlets. 

Leaf,  needle-shaped,  five  twelfths  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  four-sided,  curved,  sharp,  rather  slender, 
bluish-green,  much  lighter  than  the  leaf  of  the  Black 
Spruce 

Bark,  lighter  than  that  of  the  Black  Spruce. 

Cones,  one  to  two  inches  long,  and  always  in  the  pro- 
portion of  about  two  inches  in  length  to  one  half 


Fig.  88.— Norway  Spruce.     [P.  excfelsa.] 


NATURAL   SIZE. 


172          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [ci 

or  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness  ;  drooping 
at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  long  oval  or  cylinder- 
shape  ;  pale  green  when  young,  becoming  brownish 
as  they  ripen.  Scales,  broad  reverse  egg-shape,  with 
an  entire  edge,  and  rounded  or  somewhat  two-lobed 
at  the  apex. 

Found,  in  Maine,  Northeastern  Vermont,  Northern  Michi- 
gan, Minnesota,  and  far  northward,  on  low  ground 
and  in  swamps.  It  is  most  common  north  of  the 
United  States  boundaries. 

An  evergreen  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet  high.     One 
of  the  most  important  of  the  Northern  timber  trees. 

Fig.  88. — Norway  Spruce.     \P.  excelsa] 
This  spruce  is  not  a  native,  but  is  now  very  widely 
cultivated,  and  is  sometimes  found  escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion.     It  is  a  finer  and  larger  tree  than  the  native  spruces, 
and  differs  from  them  especially  in  these  items  : 

Cones,  five  inches  and  more  in  length  ;  about  one  and  a 
half  inches  in  thickness. 

Branches  and  branchlets,  heavily  drooping,  especially  in 
the  older  trees. 

Genus  TSUGA,  Carr.     (Hemlock.) 

Fig.  89. — Hemlock.      T.  Canadtnsis  (ZJ,  Carr.     Abies   Canadlnsis, 
Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  in  two  Jlat  distinctly 
opposite  ranks  up  and  down  the  branchlets. 

Leaf,  one  half  inch  long,  narrow ;  blunt ;  sometimes 
minutely  toothed  toward  the  apex ;  flat ;  green 
above  ;  silvery  white  beneath. 


Fig.  89.— Hemlock.    T.  Canadensis  (L.),  Carr. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


1 74          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Bark,  reddish  and  scaly  ;  when  old,  somewhat  roughened 
by  long,  shallow  furrows. 

Cones,  very  small  (three  fourths  of  an  inch  long)  ;  droop- 
ing;  oval  or  egg-shape.  Scales,  few,  thin,  rounded, 
and  entire.  The  seed  with  the  wing  is  about  three 
fourths  the  length  of  the  scale.  The  cone  does  not 

fall  apart 


Found,  from  Southern  New  Brunswick  and  the  Valley  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  through  the  Northern  States  to 
Delaware,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
Alabama.  Common  northward,  often  forming  large 
forests. 

An  evergreen  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  irregular 
in  outline,  very  graceful,  especially  when  young,  with 
light  and  delicate  foliage  and  horizontal  or  drooping 
branches.  The  timber  is  very  coarse ;  the  bark  much 
used  for  tanning,  and  with  medicinal  qualities. 

Genus  ABIES,  Link.     (Fir.) 

Fig.  90. — Balsam  Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead  Fir.     A.  bahhmta  (LJ> 
Miller. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  up  and  down  the 
branchlets,  at  first  radiating  about  equally  on  every 
side,  afterward  flattened  into  two  ranks,  as  in  the 
Hemlock. 

Leaf,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  narrow ;  apex  blunt  or 
notched ;  edge  entire ;  flat,  with  a  grooved  line 
above  and  a  corresponding  raised  line  below  ;  bright 
green  above  ;  silvery  white  below. 


Leaves  Indeterminate,  175 

Bark,  smooth  and  unbroken  (especially  when  young),  and 
usually  covered  with  "blisters" 

Cones,  two  to  four  inches  long,  one  inch  broad,  erect,  at 
the  sides  of  the  branchlets  ;  violet-colored.  Scales, 
thin  and  flat,  broad  and  rounded.  The  thin  bracts 
between  the  scales  are  tipped  with  a  slender  bristle. 
The  cone  falls  apart  when  ripe. 

Found,  from  the  far  North  through  the  Northern  States 
to  Pennsylvania,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  the  high  peaks  of  West  Virginia.  Common 
northward  in  damp  forests. 

A  slender,  evergreen  tree,  twenty  to  sixty  feet  high ; 
pyramid-shaped,  with  regular  horizontal  branches  ;  its 
wood  is  very  light  and  soft.  From  the  "  blisters,"  which 
form  under  the  bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches,  the  valu- 
able Canada  balsam  is  obtained. 

The  tree  is  short-lived,  and  therefore  of  less  value  in 
cultivation. 


Genus  LARIX,  Tourn.     (Larch.) 

Fig.  91. — Larch,  Tamarack,  Hackmatack.  L.  laricma  ( Du  Roi)y 
Koch.     L.  Americana,  Michx. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
many-leaved  bunches  without  sheaths. 

Leaf,  thread-like,  one  to  two  inches  long,  withering  and 
falling  in  the  autumn. 

Bark,  smooth. 


176          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [ci 

Cones,  about  one  half  inch  long  ;  broad  egg-shaped ; 
green  or  violet  when  young,  becoming  purple  and 
brownish  as  they  ripen.  Scales,  thin,  nearly  ronnd, 
their  edges  entire. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania,  Northern  Indiana,  and  North- 
ern Illinois  through  the  Northern  States  and  far 
northward.  It  grows  usually  in  low,  swampy  land, 
where  it  often  thickly  covers  large  areas. 

A  tree  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  high  (not  evergreen), 
with  a  straight  trunk  and  slender,  horizontal  branches. 
The  wood  is  durable,  hard,  and  very  strong,  and  is  largely 
used  in  ship-building,  for  posts,  railroad  ties,  etc. 


The  Indians  and  Canadians  were  accustomed  to  use 
the  fibres  of  the  Larch  roots  for  sewing  their  bark  canoes ; 
and  for  tightening  the  seams,  the  gum  of  the  Balsam  Fir. 

"  Give  me  of  your  roots,  O  Tamarak  ! 
Of  your  fibrous  roots,  O  Larch-Tree  !  - 
My  canoe  to  bind  together, 
So  to  bind  the  ends  together, 
That  the  water  may  not  enter, 
That  the  river  may  not  wet  me  ! 


"  Give  me  of  your  balm,  O  Fir-Tree  ! 
Of  your  balsam  and  your  resin, 
So  to  close  the  seams  together 
That  the  water  may  not  enter, 
That  the  river  may  not  wet  me  ! 

"  And  the  Fir-Tree  tall  and  sombre, 
Sobbed  through  all  its  robes  of  darkness, 
Answered  wailing,  answered  weeping, 
'Take  my  balm,  O  Hiawatha  !  '  " 


Fig.  91 


Fig.  90.— Balsam  Fir.     A.  balsamea  (L.),  Miller. 
Fig.  91.— Larch.     L,  lariclna  (Du  Roi),  Koch. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


178          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [ci 

Genus  CHAM^CYPARIS,  Spach.     (White  Cedar.) 
Fig.  92.— White  Cedar.  C.  thyoides  (L.),  B.  S. P.    C.  sphceroidea,  Spach. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  smallness  and  closeness.  They  are  scale-like, 
somewhat  egg-shape,  overlapping  each  other,  and 
closely  pressed  in  four  rows  up  and  down  the  very 
flat  branchlets.  Each  leaf  has  at  its  centre  a  raised 
gland,  easily  distinguished  if  held  between  the  eye 
and  the  light. 

Bark,  fibrous.  The  " spray"  (formed  from  the  flat  branch- 
lets)  is  itself  flat  and  very  delicate  and  of  a  dull  green. 

Cones,  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  round, 
variously  placed,  compact,  purplish  as  they  ripen  ; 
opening  when  ripe  toward  the  centre  line  (i.  e.,  not 
toward  its  base).  Scales,  fleshy,  shield-shaped  and 
apparently  fastened  near  their  centres,  with  the  edge 
several-pointed,  and  with  a  sharp  point  or  knob  in  the 
centre.  Seeds,  usually  four  to  eight  under  each  scale, 
oval,  with  wide  wings  at  the  sides. 

Found,  in  deep,  cold  swamps  (filling  them  densely  and 
exclusively),  from  Southern  Maine  along  the  coast 
to  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  Mississippi. 

A  tapering  evergreen  tree,  thirty  to  seventy  feet  high, 
with  light  and  durable  wood,  largely  used  in  boat-building, 
for  wooden-ware,  shingles,  etc. 


Fig.  92 


Fig.  93 


Fig.  92.— White  Cedar.      C.  thyoides  (L.),  B.  S.  P. 
F»&-  93-— Arbor  Vitae.      (T.  occidental,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i8o          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Genus  THUYA,  L.     (Arbor  Vitae.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  to  sacrifice,  because  of  the  use  of  the  fragrant  wood  in 
sacrifice. 

Fig-  93-— Arbor  Vitae,  White  Cedar.     T.  occidental,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  smallness  and  closeness.  They  are  scale-like, 
somewhat  egg-shape,  overlapping  each  other,  and 
closely  pressed  in  four  rows  up  and  down  the  very 
flat  branchlets.  Each  leaf  has  at  its  centre  a  raised 
gland,  easily  distinguished  if  held  between  the  eye 
and  the  light. 

Bark,  fibrous.  The  "  spray  "  (formed  from  the  flat  branch- 
lets)  is  itself  flat  and  of  rather  a  bright  green. 

Cones,  about  five  twelfths  of  an  inch  in  length,  long  oval 
or  reverse  egg-shape,  nodding,  yellowish-brown  as  they 
ripen,  dry  and  opening  to  the  base  when  ripe.  Scales, 
pointless,  oval  or  egg-shape,  smooth  (i.  e.,  not  pointed 
on  the  edge  or  near  the  centre.)  Seeds,  one  to  two 
under  each  scale,  long  and  narrow  (like  a  small 
caraway  seed)  ;  broadly  winged  all  around,  with  the 
wing  notched  at  one  end. 

Found,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  the  high 
peaks  of  North  Carolina  to  Northern  Pennsylvania 
and  Central  New  York,  northward  into  Southern 
Canada  and  westward  ;  along  rocky  banks  of  streams 
and  in  swamps ;  very  common  at  the  North,  where  it 
often  occupies  large  areas  of  swamp  land.  It  is  very 
widely  cultivated,  especially  in  hedges. 

A  tapering  evergreen  tree,  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high, 
with  close,  dense  branches,  and  a  light  and  durable  wood. 


Leaves  Indeterminate.  181 

Genus  JUNIPERUS,  L.     (Red  Cedar.) 

From  a  Celtic  word  meaning  rough. 

Fig.  94.— Red  Cedar,  Savin.      J.  Virginia™,  L. 

Leaves,  SIMPLE  ;  INDETERMINATE  in  position  because  of 
their  smallness  and  closeness.  They  are  arranged  in 
four  rows  up  and  down  the  branchlets. 

fn  young  or  rapidly  growing  sprouts  the  leaves  are  awl- 
shaped  or  needle-shaped,  somewhat  spreading  from 
the  branch,  very  sharp  and  stiff,  placed  in  pairs  (or 
sometimes  in  threes),  usually  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long,  and  with  the  fine  branchlets,  which  they 
cover,  rounded. 

In  the  older  and  slower-growing  trees  the  leaves  are  scale- 
like  and  overlapping,  egg-shape,  closely  pressed  to 
the  branchlets  which  they  cover,  and  with  the  branch- 
lets  square.  As  the  branchlets  grow,  the  lower  scales 
sometimes  lengthen  and  become  dry  and  chaffy  and 
slightly  spreading. 

Bark,  brown  and  sometimes  purplish-tinged,  often  shred- 
ding off  with  age  and  leaving  the  trunk  smooth  and 
polished. 

*'  Berries,"  about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  closely  placed 
along   the   branchlets,    bluish,    and    covered   with  a 
whitish  powder. 
/ 

Found,  in  Southern  Canada,  and  distributed  nearly 
throughout  the  United  States — more  widely  than 
any  other  of  the  cone-bearing  trees. 


1 82          Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [ci 

An  evergreen  tree,  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  high  (much 
larger  at  the  South),  usually  pyramid-shaped,  with  a 
rounded  base,  but  varying  very  greatly,  especially  near 
the  coast,  where  it  is  often  twisted  and  flattened  into 
angular  and  weird  forms.  The  wood  is  very  valuable, 
light,  straight-grained,  durable,  fragrant.  It  is  largely 
used  for  posts,  for  cabinet-work,  for  interior  finish,  and 
almost  exclusively  in  the  making  of  lead  pencils.  The 
heart-wood  is  usually  a  dull  red  (whence  the  name),  the 
sap-wood  white. 


Among  the  most  picturesque  objects  in  a  Turkish 
landscape,  standing  like  sentinels,  singly  or  in  groups, 
and  as  slender  and  upright  as  a  Lombardy  Poplar,  are 
the  black  cypress  trees  (C.  sempervirens).  They  mark 
the  sites  of  graves,  often  of  those  which  have  long  since 
disappeared.  In  America,  more  than  any  other  northern 
tree,  the  red  cedar  gives  the  same  sombre  effect,  whether 
growing  wild  or  planted  in  cemeteries. 

The  Common  Juniper  (J.  communis,  L.),  common  as 
a  shrub,  is  occasionally  found  in  tree  form,  low,  with 
spreading  or  drooping  branches,  and  with  leaves  re- 
sembling those  of  a  young  Red  Cedar,  awl-shaped  and 
spreading,  but  arranged  in  threes  instead  ot  opposite. 


(01) 


Fig.  94.— Red  Cedar.    (J.  Virginiana,  L.) 

or'  Young,     b.  Old. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(FEATHER-SHAPED) 


LEAVES   ALTERNATE 
(EDGE    ENTIRE) 


Genus  AILANTHUS,*  Desf. 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  tree  of  heaven." 
Fig-  95- — Aiia.nthus.     {A.  glandulbsa,  £>es/.] 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered,  but  with  the  odd  leaflet 
often  dwarfed  or  broken  off ;  leaflets,  twenty-one  to 
forty-one)  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  THE  LEAFLETS 
ENTIRE,  with  one  or  two  coarse,  blunt  teeth  at  each 
side  of  their  base. 

Outline,  of  leaflet,  long  egg-shape  or  lance-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.  Base,  squared,  or  heart-shaped. 

Leaf -stem,  smooth,  round,  swollen  at  base.  Leaflet-stems, 
smooth  and  short 

Leaf,  one  and  a  half  to  six  feet  long.  Leaflets  vari- 
able, usually  about  six  inches  by  two  and  a  quarter, 
rather  smooth  and  thin. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  smooth  and  brown  ;  the  new  shoots 
marked  with  whitish  dots. 

Flowers,  in  long  bunches  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ; 
greenish,  and  of  very  disagreeable  odor.  June, 
July. 

Seeds,  flat,  at  the  centre  of  greenish  and  sometimes  pink- 
tinged  wings,  in  large,  loose  clusters.  October. 

Found,  common  in  cultivation,  and  to  some  extent 
naturalized. 

*  This  spelling  of  the  name  should  rule  because  so  given  by  its  author,  although, 
etymologically,  Ailantus  would  be  correct,  the  native  Amboyna  name  being  "  Ay- 
lanto." 

1 86 


-  9S-— Ailanthus.     [A.  glanduldsa,  Desf.] 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


1 88      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.       [Di 

A  large,  showy  tree  (sixty  to  seventy  feet  high)  of 
remarkably  vigorous  and  rapid  growth.  It  is  a  native  of 
China,  A  Jesuit  missionary  sent  its  seeds  in  1751  to 
England.  In  1784  it  was  brought  from  Europe  to  the 
United  States,  and  started  near  Philadelphia.  Also 
about  1804  it  was  brought  to  Rhode  Island  from  South 
America.  But  the  source  of  most  of  the  trees  now  found 
abundantly  in  the  region  of  New  York  is  Flushing,  Long 
Island,  where  it  was  introduced  in  1820.  It  has  been  a 
great  favorite,  and  would  deserve  to  be  so  still  were  it 
not  for  the  peculiar  and  disagreeable  odor  of  its  flowers. 

Genus  ROBINIA,  L.     (Locust.) 
Fig.  96. — Locust,  Yellow  Locust.     R.  pseudacada,  L. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  eleven  to 
twenty-five)  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  ENTIRE. 

Outline,  oval  or  egg-shape.  Apex,  rounded.  Base, 
rounded. 

Stem  of  leaf,  smooth,  and  covering  the  leaf-bud  of  the 
next  year. 

Leaflets,  very  smooth,  thin,  often  slightly  tipped  with  the 
end  of  the  mid-rib. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark,  rough,  and  very  deeply  ridged.  The 
smaller  branches  and  young  trunks  are  armed  with 
strong,  triangular  prickles,  but  these  disappear  when 
the  parts  are  three  to  four  inches  thick. 

Flowers,  showy  and  abundant  ;  in  long,  loose  clusters 
drooping  from  the  sides  of  the  branchlets  ;  white  ; 
and  very  fragrant.  May,  June. 

Fruit,  a  smooth  and  rather  blunt  pod,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  one  and  a  half  inches  wide,  four-  to  six-seeded. 
Seeds,  dark  brown.  September. 


Fig.  96.— Locust.    (R.  pseudacacia,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


190      Trees  with   Compo^l,nd  Leaves.      [DI 

Found.  Native  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Penn- 
sylvania (Monroe  County — Porter)  to  Georgia ;  but 
now  very  generally  naturalized  throughout  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A  tree  usually  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  sometimes  ninety 
feet,  and  of  rapid  growth.  Its  wood  is  exceedingly  hard 
and  strong,  and  remarkably  durable  when  in  contact  with 
the  ground.  It  is  used  largely  for  posts,  in  ship-building, 
and  in  turnery,  and  it  is  preferred  to  all  other  native  wood 
for  treenails.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of  this 
or  of  any  country.  But  its  cultivation  as  a  timber  tree, 
which  at  one  time  was  very  general,  has  nearly  ceased  in 
the  United  States  on  account  of  the  constant  damage 
done  by  the  grub  of  the  Painted  Clytus  (Clytus  pictus). 
This  troublesome  borer  not  only  injures  the  new  growth, 
but  also  pierces  and  detaches  large  branches,  leaving  the 
tree  ragged  and  stunted. 

Clammy  Locust.     R.  viscbsa,  Vent. 

This  species  is  native  to  the  high  ranges  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains,  but  is  now  very  widely  cultivated 
and  sometimes  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

It  differs  from  the  common  locust  especially  in  its 
smaller  size,  in  having  its  leaf-stem  and  branchlets  "sticky" 
and  slightly  rough,  and  its  flowers  rose-tinted  and  scarcely 
fragrant,  and  in  close  and  erect  bunches. 

Genus  GYMNOCLADUS,  Lam.     (Coffee  Tree.) 

Fig.  97.— Kentucky  Coffee  Tree,  Stump  Tree.    G.  fastens  (L.), 
Koch.     G.  Canadensis,  Lam. 

Leaves,  UNEQUALLY  TWICE-COMPOUND  (odd- feathered  ;  leaf- 
lets very  numerous — seven  to  thirteen  on  the  different 
branches  of  the  main  leaf-stem)  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE 

OF  LEAFLETS  ENTIRE. 


Fig.  97.   -Kentucky  Coffee  Tree.     G.  dlsicus  (L.),  Koch. 

NA.TURAL    SIZE. 


192       Trees  with  Compound  Leaves.      [D  i 

Outline  of  leaflets,  egg-shape  or  oval.    Apex,  sharply  taper- 
pointed.     Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  rounded. 
Leaf-stem,  in  the  autumn  takes  a  violet  tinge. 
Leaf,  one  and  one  half  to  three  feet  long,  about  one  half 
as  wide.     Leaflets,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches 
long,  of  a  dull  green. 

Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  scaly,  separating  in  small  and 
hard  crosswise  and  backward-curled  strips.  Branch- 
lets  stout  and  not  thorny. 

Flowers,  in  white  spikes  along  the  branches.  May-July. 
Fruit,  in  large  curved  pods  (six  to  ten  inches  long,  by 
two  inches  broad),  pulpy  within,  of  a  reddish-brown 
color,  flattened  and  hard.  Each  pod  contains  several 
hard,  gray  seeds  one  half  of  an  inch  or  more  in 
diameter.  September,  October. 

Found,  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania  (Porter),  Wes- 
tern New  York,  westward  and  southward  to  Middle 
Tennessee.  Not  common. 

A  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  or  more,  with  a  rather 
small  and  regular  head.  The  fewness  and  the  abruptness 
of  its  large  branches  give  to  it  in  the  winter  a  dead  and 
stumpy  look,  whence  one  of  its  common  names.  Its 
bruised  and  sweetened  leaves  are  used  at  the  South  for 
poisoning  flies.  Its  seeds  were  formerly  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  coffee. 

Genus  GLEDITSCHIA,  L.     (Honey  Locust.) 

Fig.  98.  —  Honey  Locust,  Three-thorned  Acacia,  Honey 
Shucks.  G.  triacbnthos,  L. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  ;  (even-feathered ;  leaflets,  ten  to 
twenty-two  or  more,  usually  about  fourteen),  some- 
times twice-compound  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAF- 
LETS ENTIRE  as  seen  above,  but  as  seen  below  often 
remotely  and  slightly  toothed. 


Fig.  98.— Honey  Locust.     (G.  triacanthos,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


1 94      Trees  with  Compound  Leaves.       LD  i 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  01  iong  egg-shape.  Base 
and  narrowed  Apex,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem  and  very  short  Leaflet-stem,  downy. 

Leaflets,  three  fourths  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long  ; 
about  one  third  as  wide.  Often  several  of  them 
(one  to  three)  are  partly  or  wholly  divided  into 
smaller  leaflets.  Surfaces  smooth  and  shining. 

Bark  of  trunk,  gray,  and  much  less  rough  than  that  of 
the  common  Locust  (which  has  a  somewhat  similar 
leaf)  ;  branchlets  brown  and  often  warty.  The 
branches  and  the  trunk,  excepting  in  very  young 
and  in  quite  old  trees,  are  usually  thickly  covered 
with  spines,  two  to  four  inches  long,  which  are 
curved  at  the  base,  often  two-  or  three-branched,  and 
of  a  reddish-brown  color. 

Flowers,  small  and  greenish. 

Fruit,  a  long,  flat  pod  (nine  to  eighteen  inches  long), 
reddish  ;  somewhat  twisted,  and  filled  between  the 
seeds  with  a  pulp  which  at  first  is  sweet  (whence  the 
name  "  Honey "  Locust)  but  which  soon  becomes 
sour.  The  seeds  are  flat,  hard,  and  brown. 

Found,  native  in  Pennsylvania,  westward  and  southward, 
but  also  somewhat  naturalized  and  widely  introduced 
northward. 

A  tree  sometimes  seventy  feet  high,  with  wide-spread- 
ing and  graceful  branches,  and  light  and  delicate  foliage* 
It  is  often  used  as  a  hedge  plant. 


A  variety  entirely  bare  of  thorns  (var.  inermis)  is 
sometimes  found  ;  also  a  variety  (var.  brachycarpos  ) 
with  shorter  fruit  and  thorns. 

NOTE.— See  Poison  Sumach  (R.  venenita  D.  C.),  with  its  species,  under  D,  //., 
page  198. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(FEATHER-SHAPED) 

LEAVES   ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE   TOOTHED) 
D    II 


Genus  RHUS,  L.      (Sumach.) 
Fig.  99. — Stag-horn  Sumach.     J?.  typhina,  L. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  eleven  to 
thirty-one) ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  EVENLY 

AND    LHARPLY   TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex,  long,  taper- 
pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaflet-stem,  lacking.      Leaf-stem,  densely  velvety-hairy. 

Leaflet,  usually  two  to  four  inches  long  and  about  one 
fourth  as  wide ;  the  under  surface  whitish  and  more 
or  less  downy. 

Leaf,  one  to  two  feet  or  more  in  length. 

Branchlets  and  stalks,  especially  towards  their  ends,  cov- 
ered with  a  very  dense  velvet-like  down,  often  crimson- 
tinged.  The  juice  is  milky  and  acid. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  in  upright,  pyramid-shaped 
bunches  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  June. 

Berries,  rounded,  somewhat  flattened,  bright  crimson, 
velvety,  crowded.  Stone,  smooth.  Juice,  acid.  Sep- 
tember, October. 

Found,  from  New  Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  through  the  Northern  States,  and  south- 
ward along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Central 
Alabama. 

196 


-  99-— Stag-horn  Sumach.    (R.  typhina,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


198      Trees  with  Compound  Leaves.      [DII 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  thirty  feet  high  (or  often  a  shrub), 
with  straggling  and  evenly  spreading  branches  that  are 
leaved  mostly  toward  their  ends,  giving  an  umbrella-like 
look  to  the  tree.  The  wood  is  very  soft  and  brittle ; 
yellow  within  ;  the  sap-wood  white.  The  young  shoots, 
with  the  pith  removed,  are  used  in  the  spring  as  "sap 
quills  "  in  drawing  the  sap  from  the  sugar  maples.  The 
downy  and  irregular  branchlets  are  suggestive  of  the 
horns  of  a  stag,  whence  the  name. 

An  infusion  of  the  berries  is  sometimes  used  as  a 
gargle  for  sore-throat. 

This  species  is  not  poisonous. 


A  variety  with  deeply  gashed  leaves  (var.  lacinihta) 
is  reported  from  Hanover,  N.  H. 

Fig.  100. — Poison  Sumach,  Poison  Dogwood,  Poison  Elder. 

R.  venenata,  D.  C. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  thir- 
teen) ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  ENTIRE. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  egg-shape.  Base,  rounded 
or  pointed.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 

Leaflet-stems,  short  and  purplish,  or  lacking.  Leaf-stem, 
smooth,  reddish  throughout  to  the  end  of  leaflet,  not 
winged. 

Leaflets,  thin ;  one  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long ;  about 
one  half  as  wide  ;  smooth. 

Branches  and  stalks,  smooth. 

Flowers,  greenish  ;  in  long,  loose  bunches  at  the  bases  of 
the  upper  leaves. 

Berries,  rounded,  greenish-white,  smooth,  shining,  dry, 
about  the  size  of  a  small  pea.  September. 


Fig.  100. — Poison  Sumach.     (R.  venenata,  D.  C.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


200       Trees  with  Compound  Leaves.     [D  n 

Found,  from  Northern  New  England  westward  and  south- 
ward, oftenest  in  swamps. 

A  small  tree  (or  more  often  a  tall  shrub),  six  to 
eighteen  feet  high.  It  is  violently  poisonous  to  the 
touch,  causing  in  most  persons  a  painful  eruption  ;  some 
are  poisoned  by  it  without  touching  it ;  probably  by  rea- 
son of  the  drifting  pollen  of  its  flowers.  A  recommended 
application  is  sugar  of  lead,  applied  after  the  use  of  saline 
cathartics  ;  or  a  thick  paste  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  rubbed 
into  the  skin  as  soon  as  the  eruption  appears.  It  is  also 
claimed  that  relief  and,  if  used  promptly,  frequent  cure 
follow  the  use  of  belladonna,  of  apis  mellifica,  or  of 
arsenicum  album — taken  in  homceopathic  doses. 


Apart  from  other  differences  the  Poison  Sumach  can 
be  easily  and  quickly  distinguished  from  all  the  other 
sumachs  by  these  signs  :  It  differs  from  the  Stag-horn 
Sumach  and  the  Smooth  Sumach  (a  shrub)  in  having  the 
edge  of  its  leaflets  entire  ;  from  the  Dwarf  Sumach  (a 
shrub)  in  the  absence  of  the  winged  stem  between  its 
leaflets,  and  by  its  red  leaf-stem. 

Genus  PYRUS,  L.     (Mountain  Ash.) 

(NOTE.— See  others  of  the  same  genus,  Sec.  A,  II. ,  p.  32.) 

Fig.  loi.— Mountain  Ash.     P.  Americana,  D.  C. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  nine  to  fifteen); 
ALTERNATE  (often  alternate  in  threes)  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAF- 
LETS FINELY  AND  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  and  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaflet-stem,  lacking,  or  very  short. 


Fig.  loi.— Mountain  Ash.     (P.  Americana,  D.  C.) 

REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


202       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.     ID  n 

Leaf,  eight  to  twelve  inches  long.  Leaflet,  two  to  three 
and  one  half  inches  long ;  surfaces  smooth. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  reddish-brown  and  rather  smooth. 

Flowers,  small  and  white,  in  large,  flat  clusters,  over  the 
surface  of  the  tree — fifty  to  one  hundred  or  more 
flowers  in  a  cluster.  May,  June. 

Fruit,  very  ornamental,  about  the  size  of  peas,  scarlet,  in 
large,  flat  clusters,  ripening  in  autumn  and  remaining 
into  the  winter. 

Found,  from  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  through  the 
Northern  States  and  southward  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  Its  finest  growth  is  on  the  northern 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Superior. 

A  slender,  somewhat  pyramid-shaped,  tree,  ten  to 
thirty  feet  high,  much  and  justly  prized  as  one  of  the 
best  of  the  native  trees  for  ornamental  planting.  Its 
bark  and  the  unripe  fruit  are  very  astringent,  and  are 
sometimes  used  medicinally. 


A  slightly  different  species  (P.  sambucif61ia)  is  some- 
times found  in  cold  swamps  and  on  the  borders  of  streams, 
along  the  Northern  frontier. 


The  cultivated  European  Mountain  Ash  or  Rowan 
Tree  [P.  ancuparia],  which  is  very  common  in  many  parts 
of  Europe,  and  especially  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 
differs  but  slightly  from  the  American  Mountain  Ash.  It 
varies  chiefly  in  the  following  items :  Leaflets  blunter, 
and  rather  coarsely  double-toothed.  Bark  rather  rough. 
Fruit  larger,  oftenest  red,  but  sometimes  orange. 


Leaves  Alternate.  203 

The  Mountain  Ash  or  "  Rowan  Tree  "  has  for  a  long 
time  been  renowned  as  a  safeguard  against  witches  and 
all  evil  spirits.  A  mere  twig  of  it  suffices. 

"  Rowan-tree  and  red  thread 
Put  the  witches  to  their  speed." 

"  The  spells  were  vain,  the  hag  returned 

To  the  queen  in  sorrowful  mood, 

Crying  that  witches  have  no  power 

Where  there  is  row'n-tree  wood." 


Genus  JUGLANS,  L.     (Walnut) 

From  two  Latin  words  meaning  nut  of  Jupiter. 

Fig.  102.— Black  Walnut,     y.  nigra,  L. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered ;  leaflets,  thirteen  to 
twenty-one) ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARP- 
TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  and  one-sided. 

Leaf-stem,  slightly  downy.      Leaflet-stem,  very  short. 

Leaf,  twelve  inches  long,  or  more.  Leaflets,  about  two  to 
four  inches  long ;  the  lower  pairs  shortest ;  slightly 
downy  beneath. 

Bark,  blackish  and  thick. 

Fruit,  about  two  inches  in  diameter ;  rounded  ;  the  husk 
greenish-yellow  when  ripe,  roughly  dotted,  spongy, 
decaying  without  splitting  into  sections ;  the  nut 
dark,  and  deeply  and  roughly  furrowed.  October. 

Found,  from  Western  Massachusetts  westward  and  south- 
ward. Its  finest  growth  is  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  Eastward  it  is  now  everywhere  scarce. 


204      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.     [D 11 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  or  often  much  higher. 
Its  rich,  dark-brown  heart-wood  is  of  great  value,  and  has 
been  more  widely  used  in  cabinet-work,  for  interior  finish, 
and  for  gun-stocks  than  the  wood  of  any  other  North 
American  tree. 


Fig.  103.— Butternut,  White  Walnut,     y.  dt&rea,  L. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  fifteen  to  seven- 
teen) ;  ALTERNATE  J  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARP-TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  egg-shaped  or  long  oval.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.  Base,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  downy  and  "  sticky." 

Leaf,  twelve  to  twenty  inches  long.  Leaflet,  three  inches 
or  more  in  length  ;  downy,  especially  beneath. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  light  gray  and  smoothish.  Twigs, 
as  well  as  leaf-stems  and  fruit,  very  sticky. 

Fruit,  long  (two  to  three  inches),  pointed.  Husk,  very 
sticky ;  green  at  first ;  brown  when  ripe,  becoming 
very  dark ;  not  splitting  in  sections.  Nut,  deeply 
and  roughly  furrowed  and  sharp-ridged,  with  a  sweet, 
oily  kernel.  September. 

Found,  in  Southern  Canada,  and  common  in  New  Eng- 
land and  the  Middle  and  Western  States. 

A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  a  short,  stout 
trunk  and  very  wide-reaching,  horizontal  branches.  The 
heart-wood  is  reddish  or  light  brown,  not  as  dark  nor  as 
hard  as  in  the  Black  Walnut.  It  is  used  for  ornamental 
cabinet-work  and  interior  finish. 


Fig.  103 


Fig.  102.— Black  Walnut.     (J.  nigra,  L.) 
Fig.  103. — Butternut.     (J.  cinerea,  L.) 

LEAFLETS   AND    FRUIT   REDUCED   ONE   THIRD. 


206      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.      [DU 

Genus  HICORIA,  Raf.     CARYA,  Nutt.     (Hickory.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  round,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  nut. 

Fig.     104.  —  Shag-bark,     Shag-bark    Hickory,     Shell-bark 
Hickory.     H.  ovata  (Mill),   Britton.     C.  alba,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five)  ;  ALTER- 
NATE ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARP-TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval,  reverse  egg-shape  or  egg- 
shape,  the  lower  pair  differing  in  shape  from  the 
others,  and  much  smaller.  Apex,  long-pointed. 
Base  of  the  end  leaflet,  wedge-shape ;  of  the  others, 
more  or  less  blunted. 

Leaf-stem,  rough  throughout.  Buds,  large  and  scaly, 
often  of  a  green  and  brown  color. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  excepting 
the  roughish  stem  of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  four  to  eight  inches  long ;  roughish  below. 

Bark,  dark  and  very  rough  in  the  older  trunks,  peeling 
up  and  down  in  long,  shaggy  strips.  Often  the 
strips  cling  at  their  middle  and  are  loose  at  each 
end. 

Fruit,  round,  nearly  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
in  diameter ;  the  husk,  thick  (nearly  half  an 
inch),  depressed  at  the  centre,  grooved  at  the 
seams,  and  wholly  separating  into  four  pieces  at 
maturity  ;  the  nut,  about  one  inch  long,  often  the 
same  in  breadth,  slightly  flattened  at  the  sides, 
angular,  nearly  pointless,  whitish,  with  a  rather  thin 
shell,  and  a  large  finely  flavored  kernel.  October. 

Found,  from  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to 
Southeastern  Minnesota,  and  southward  to  Western 
Florida.  Its  finest  growth  is  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains. 


Fig.  104.— Shag-bark.     H.    ovata  (Mill),  Britton. 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


208       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.     [D  n 

A  tree,  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  of  great  value.  Its 
tough  and  elastic  wood  is  used  in  making  agricultural 
implements,  carriages,  axe-handles,  etc.  It  ranks  also 
among  the  best  of  woods  for  fuel.  Most  of  the  "  hickory 
nuts  "  of  the  markets  are  from  this  species. 

All  the  Hickories  are  picturesque  trees.  Their 
tendency,  even  when  standing  alone,  is  to  grow  high, 
and  with  heads  that,  instead  of  being  round,  are  cylinder- 
shaped  to  the  very  top,  with  only  enough  breaks  and 
irregularities  to  add  to  the  effect.  This  tendency  is  more 
marked  in  the  Hickories  than  in  any  other  of  the  leaf- 
shedding  trees  of  North  America.  They  are  worthy  of 
the  name  sometimes  given  them  of  "  the  artist's  tree." 

Big  Shell-bark,  King  Nut.   H.  sulcata  (  Willd),  Britton.   C.  sulcata, 

Nutt. 

This  species  differs  from  the  Shag-bark  chiefly  in 
these  items : 

Leaflets,  seven  to  nine,  usually  nine. 
Leaf,  ten  to  twenty  inches  long. 
Nut,  oval,  strongly  pointed,  with  a  dark  yellowish  shell, 

nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  Shag-bark  nut,  and  with 

a  less  pleasantly  flavored  kernel. 
Bark,  in  narrower  strips  and  of  a  lighter  color. 
Found,   in    Bucks    County,    Pennsylvania    (Porter),    and 

westward.      Local  and  rare. 

Fig.  105. — Mocker-nut,  White-heart  Hickory,  Black  Hickory, 
Big-bud  Hickory.     H.  alba  (L.),  Britton.     C.  tomentbsa,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered,  leaflets,  seven  to  nine)  ; 

ALTERNATE  ;     EDGE    SLIGHTLY    AND    RATHER    ROUNDLY 
TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflets,  mostly  long  oval,  the  lower  pairs  be- 
coming smaller  and  more  egg-shaped.  Apex  and 
Base,  about  the  same  as  in  the  Shaq--bark. 


Fig.  105.— Mocker-nut.     H.   alba  (L.),  Britton. 

LEAF    AND    FRUiT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


210      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.     [D  n 

Leaf-stem,  rough  throughout.  Buds,  large  and  round  and 
covered  with  downy,  yellowish-brown  scales,  or,  in 
winter,  with  hard  and  grayish-white  scales. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  except  the 
short,  roughish  stem  of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  two  to  seven  inches  long,  rough  beneath,  especially 
on  the  ribs  ;  fragrant  when  crushed. 

Bark,  rough,  becoming  cracked  across,  but  not  scaly. 

Fruit,  rounded,  slightly  egg-shaped  or  oval,  one  and  one 
half  to  two  inches  or  more  in  length.  The  husk  is 
about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  thick  and  splits  nearly 
to  the  base  when  ripe.  Nut,  slightly  six-angled,  light 
brown,  with  a  very  thick  and  hard  shell.  The  kernel 
is  sweet,  but  small.  October. 

Found,  common,  in  dry  woods,  especially  southward  and 
westward.  It  grows  in  Southern  Canada  and  in  all 
the  Atlantic  States.  In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its 
timber  the  tree  resembles  the  Shag-bark. 

Fig.  106. — Small-fruited  Hickory.  H.  microcbrpa  (Nutt),  Britton 
C.  microcarpa,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five  to  seven, 
oftenest  five) ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARP- 
TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflets,  mostly  long  oval.  Apex  and  Base 
pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  excepting 
the  short  stem  of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  mostly  four  to  eight  inches  long,  remarkably 
smooth,  excepting  that  the  under  surface  is  tufted  in 
the  angles  of  the  ribs  and  usually  dotted  with  dark 
glandular  spots. 

Bark,  rough  and  close. 

Fruit,  broad  egg-shape.  Husk,  thin,  splitting  part  way  to 
the  base.  Nut,  small,  (three  fourths  of  an  inch  in 


Fig.  106. — Small-fruited  Hickory.     H.  microcarpa  (Nutt),  Britton. 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


212      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.     [DII 

diameter),  not  angled,  not  sharp-pointed,  and  with  a 

thin  shell. 
Found,  on  moist  ground,  New  York  to  Delaware,  west  to 

Michigan  and  Illinois,  rarely,  if  ever,  in  New  England. 
In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its  timber  the  tree  re- 
sembles the  other  hickories.     By  its  leaves  the  species 
appears  to  be  allied  with  the  Pig-nut ;  by  its  nuts,  with 
the  Mocker-nut. 

Fig.  107,  a  and  b. — Pig-nut,  Broom  Hickory.     H.  glabra  (Mill), 
Britton.     C.  glabra,  Torr.     C.  porcina,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered ;  leaflets,  five  to  nine, 
usually  seven)  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARP- 
TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflets,  usually  long  oval.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base  of  end  leaflet,  wedge-shaped,  of  the  others  more 
or  less  rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

JLeaf-stem,  smooth.  Leaf-buds,  egg-shape  and  pointed  or 
rounded,  and  with  their  outer  scales  a  polished-brown. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking,  except  the  smooth,  very  short  stem 
of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  mostly  two  to  five  inches  long  (the  lower  ones 
much  the  smallest),  smooth  above  and  below. 

Bark,  not  shaggy. 

Fruit,  of  two  forms :  a,  pear-shape,  b,  rounded.  Husks, 
very  thin,  splitting  about  half-way  to  the  base.  Nut, 
about  one  inch  in  diameter ;  in  b  somewhat  flattened 
at  the  sides  and  slightly  hollowed  above,  and  with 
the  apex  a  sharp  point.  Shell,  rather  thin,  smooth, 
hard,  and  bluish-gray.  Meat,  small  and  sweetish  or 
slightly  bitter. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  westward  and  southward. 
In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its  timber  the  tree  re- 
sembles the  other  hickories. 


Fig.  107,  a  and  b. — Pig-nut.     H.  glabra  (Mill),    Britton. 
LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


214       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.     [D  n 

Fig.   108. — Bitter-nut,    Swamp   Hickory.     If.  minima  (Marsh), 
Britton.     C.  amara,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to 
eleven)  ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLET  SHARP- 
TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.  Base,  pointed  or  blunted. 

Leaf-stem,  rather  slender,  somewhat  downy,  and  often 
flattened  and  winged.  Leaf-buds,  small,  slightly 
rounded  or  (at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets)  pointed, 
and  yellow. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking,  except  the  short  stem  of  the  end 
leaflet. 

Leaflets,  four  to  six  inches  long,  the  upper  one  usually 
short ;  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  with  a  slight,  scat- 
tered down  below. 

Bark,  rather  smooth. 

Fruit,  rounded  or  slightly  egg-shaped,  dark  green.  Husk, 
very  thin  and  fleshy,  never  becoming  entirely  hard, 
with  prominent  winged  edges  at  the  seams,  only  two 
of  which  reach  more  than  half-way  to  the  base.  It 
divides  half-way  down  when  ripe.  Nut,  barely  one 
inch  long,  heart-shaped  at  the  top,  broader  than  long, 
white  and  smooth.  Shell,  so  thin  that  it  can  be 
broken  with  the  fingers.  Kernel,  intensely  bitter. 

Found,  usually  in  wet  grounds,  though  often  also  on  rich 
uplands,  from  Southern  Maine  westward  and  south- 
ward.     It  reaches  its  finest  growth  in  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio. 
A  rather  smaller  and  less  valuable  tree  than  the  rest 

of  the  hickories. 

NOTE. — See  Honey  Locust  (G.  triacanthos,  L.),  under  D,  /.,  page  192. 


Fig.  108.— Bitter-nut.     H.  minima  (Marsh),    Britton. 

LEAF  AND    FRUIT    REDUCED   ONE  THIRD. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 


(FEATHER-SHAPED) 

CONTINUED 


LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

(EDGE  ENTIRE  OR  TOOTHED) 
E   I,   II 


Genus  NEGUNDO,   Moench. 
Fig.  109.— Ash-leaved  Maple,  Box  Elder.    JV.  aceroldes,  M. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  three,  some- 
times five,  rarely  seven)  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLET 

REMOTELY  AND  UNEQUALLY  COARSE-TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflets,  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  variable  and  often  uneven. 

Leaflets,  slightly  rough  ;  the  ribs  very  marked. 

Bark  of  young  trunks,  smoothish  and  yellowish-green  ; 
twigs,  light  green. 

Flowers,  small  and  greenish,  in  delicate,  drooping  clusters 
from  the  sides  of  the  branches. 

Fruit,  large,  yellowish-green,  smooth,  in  long,  loose,  late- 
hanging  clusters. 

Found,  North,  South,  and  West.  One  of  the  most  widely 
distributed  of  the  North  American  trees,  with  its 
finest  growth  in  the  region  of  the  Wabash  and 
Cumberland  rivers. 

A  tree  twenty  to    thirty    feet    high,  with    spreading 
branches.      Its  wood  is  light  and  of  slight  value. 

218 


Fig.  109.— Ash-leaved  Maple.     (N.  aceroides,  M.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


220      Trees  with,   Compound  Leaves.  [E  i,  n 

(Genus  FRAXINUS,  L.     (Ash.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  separation,"  because  of  the  ease  with  which  the  wood 
of  the  Ash  can  be  split. 

Fig.  IIO. — White  Ash.     F.  Americana,  L. 
Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;    EDGE    OF    LEAFLETS    SLIGHTLY  TOOTHED    OR 

ENTIRE  ;  entire  at  the  base. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.  Base,  somewhat  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth.  Leaflet-stem,  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long,  or  more ;  smooth.  Leaf-bud,  rusty- 
colored  and  smooth. 

Leaflet,  two  to  six  inches  long ;  pale  beneath  ;  downy 
when  young,  but  becoming  nearly  smooth,  except 
on  the  ribs. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  light  gray.  In  very  young  trees  it 
is  nearly  smooth,  but  it  soon  becomes  deeply 
furrowed — the  furrows  crossing  each  other,  and 
so  breaking  the  bark  into  irregular,  somewhat 
square  or  lozenge-shaped  plates.  Then  in  very 
old  trees  it  becomes  smooth  again,  from  the  scaling 
off  of  the  plates.  The  branches  are  smooth  and 
grayish-green.  The  young  shoots  have  a  polished, 
deep-green  bark,  marked  with  white  lines  or  dots. 

Winged  seeds,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  with  the 
"  wing  "  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  wide,  hanging  in 
loose  clusters  from  slender  stems.  The  base  of  the 
seed  is  pointed  and  not  winged. 

Found,  in  rich  woods,  from  Southern  Canada  to  Northern 
Florida  and  westward.  J«;  is  most  common  in  the 
Northern  States.  The  finest  specimens  are  seen  in 
the  bottom  lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  River  basin. 


Fig.  no.— White  Ash.     (F.  Americana,  L.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


222      Trees  with   Compo^t,nd  Leaves.   [E  i,  ir 

A  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  high.  Often  the  trunk 
rises  forty  feet  without  branching.  Its  tough  and  elastic 
timber  is  of  very  great  value,  being  widely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  for  oars,  and  the 
shafts  of  carriages,  and  in  cabinet-work. 


I  find  in  the  notes  of  an  old  copy  of  White's  "  Natural 
History  of  Selborne  "  this  comment  :  "  The  Ash,  I  think, 
has  been  termed  by  Gilpin  the  Venus  of  British  trees." 

Gerardes'  "  Herbal "  comments  :  "The  leaves  of  the 
Ash  are  of  so  great  a  vertue  against  serpents,  as  that 
the  serpents  dare  not  be  so  bolde  as  to  touch  the  morning 
and  evening  shadowes  of  the  tree,  but  shunneth  them 
afarre  off,  as  Pliny  reporteth  in  his  16  book,  13  chap. 
He  also  affirmeth  that  the  serpent  being  penned  in  with 
boughes  laide  rounde  about,  will  soom  r  run  into  the  fire, 
if  any  be  there,  than  come  neere  to  the  boughes  of  the 
Ash." 

In  Scandinavian  mythology  the  great  and  sacred  tree, 
Yggdrasil,  the  greatest  and  most  sacred  of  all  trees,  which 
binds  together  heaven  and  earth  and  hell,  is  an  Ash.  Its 
roots  spread  over  the  whole  earth.  Its  branches  reach 
above  the  heavens.  Underneath  lies  a  serpent ;  above  is 
an  eagle  ;  a  squirrel  runs  up  and  down  the  trunk,  trying 
to  breed  strife  between  them. 

Fig.  III. — Red  Ash.     F.  putescens,  Lam. 
Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  nine)  ; 

EDGE      OF     LEAFLETS      NEARLY     ENTIRE      OR      SLIGHTLY 
TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  egg-shape.      Apex,  taper- 
pointed.     Base,  somewhat  pointed. 


Fig.  in. — Red  Ash.     (F.  pubfescens,  Lam.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


224      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.  [E  i,  n 

Leaf-stem,  velvety-downy.  Leaflet-stem,  about  one  fourth 
of  an  inch  long,  or  somewhat  less,  and  velvety-downy. 
Leaf -bud,  rounded,  nearly  concealed  by  the  leaf -stem, 
downy,  and  of  a  dark,  rusty  brown. 

Leaflet,  two  to  six  inches  long,  downy  beneath,  and  pale, 
becoming  reddish. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  dark  ashy  or  granite-gray,  or  of  a 
deep  brown.  It  is  slightly  furrowed  up  and  down, 
the  furrows  seldom  joining  or  crossing.  The  branches 
are  grayish.  The  young  shoots  are  velvety,  with  a 
grayish  or  rusty  down. 

Winged  seeds,  resembling  those  of  the  White  Ash,  but 
usually  with  the  end  of  the  wing  more  rounded. 

Found,  along  borders  of  streams  and  in  low  and  swampy 
ground — New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota,  and  south- 
ward to  Northern  Florida  and  Alabama  ;  but  rare 
west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Its  finest  growth 
is  in  the  Northern  Atlantic  States. 

A  medium-sized  tree,  usually  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high, 
of  less  value  than  the  White  Ash. 


Fig.  112. — Green  Ash.     F.  ihridis,  Michx.,f. 
Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered ;  leaflets,  five  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  USUALLY  SHARP-TOOTHED, 

but  with  the  base  entire. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  pointed,  often  wedge-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth.  Leaflet-stem,  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long  ;  smooth.  Leaf -bud,  grayish-brown  and 
smooth. 


Fig.  ii2.— Green  Ash.     (F.  vlridis,  Michx.,  f.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD, 


226      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.  [E  i,  n 

Leaflet,  green,  and  of  nearly  the  same  shade  on  each 
side  ;  not  shining,  but  smooth  throughout,  excepting 
that  sometimes  it  is  slightly  downy  in  the  angles  of 
the  ribs. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  grayish-brown  and  smooth. 

Winged  seeds,  smaller  than  those  of  the  White  Ash,  but 
with  the  wing  about  the  same  length. 

Found,    in    New    England,    but    mostly    southward   and 

westward. 
A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  of  inferior  value. 

Fig.  113. — Blue  Ash.     F.  quadrangulata,  Michx. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;    leaflets,  five  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;    EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  oval  to  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper- 
pointed.  Base,  pointed. 

Leaflet-stem,  very  short.      Leaf-bud,  velvety 

Leaflet,  three  to  four  inches  long,  both  sides  green ; 
downy  beneath. 

Bark  of  the  trunk  cracks  and  separates  in  thin  plates, 
like  that  of  the  White  Oak.  Branchlets  smooth  and 
square,  or  margined  when  young,  becoming  nearly 
round. 

Winged  seeds,  about  one  and  a  half  inches  long,  one 
fourth  to  one  half  of  an  inch  wide  ;  blunt,  and  of 
nearly  the  same  width  at  both  ends,  and  with  the 
apex  often  notched. 

Found,  usually  on  limestone  hills,  from  Southern  Michi- 
gan to  Central  Minnesota,  southward  to  Northeastern 
Kansas. 
A  tree   sixty  to   eighty   feet  high,  used  for  flooring, 

carriage  building,  etc.      Its  inner  bark  furnishes  a  blue  dye. 


Fig.  113.— Blue  Ash.    (F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


228      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.  [E  i,  n 

Fig.  114. — Black  Ash,  Water  Ash,  Hoop  Ash.    F.  sambudfolia. 

Lam. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  eleven, 
usually  nine)  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLET  TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  narrow,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape, 
Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  rounded. 

Leaf -stem,  smooth,  somewhat  flattened  or  channelled,  and 
with  sharp  edges  above  the  leaflets. 

Leaflet-stem,  lacking. 

Leaf -bud,  deep  blue  or  blackish. 

Leaflet,  three  to  five  inches  long,  smooth  and  green  on 
both  sides,  excepting  where  it  is  slightly  hairy  along 
the  lower  part  of  the  middle  rib.  When  crushed  it 
has  an  Elder-like  odor. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  granite-gray,  somewhat  furrowed  and 
broken  up  and  down  with  roughnesses,  which  con- 
tinue in  the  old  tree.  The  young  branches  are 
smooth  and  grayish  and  marked  with  black  and 
white  dots  and  warts. 

Winged  seeds  nearly  one  and  one  half  inches  long,  with 
the  wing  three  eighths  of  an  inch  wide  and  extending 
around  the  seed.  Ripe  in  July. 

Found,  along  low  river-banks  and  in  swamps,  which  it 
sometimes  fills ;  in  Delaware,  the  mountains  of  Vir- 
ginia, Northwestern  Arkansas,  through  the  Northern 
States  to  Canada.  It  is  the  most  Northern  of  the 
American  Ashes. 

Usually  a  small  or  medium-sized  tree.  The  wood  is 
largely  used  for  barrel-hoops,  baskets,  in  cabinet-work, 
and  interior  finish. 


Fig.  114. — Black  Ash.    (F.  sambuciftlia,  Lam.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(HAND-SHAPED) 


LEAVES   OPPOSITE 
(EDGE  TOOTHED) 

F  I 


Genus  ^SCULUS,  L.    (Buckeye,  Horse  Chestnut.) 
Fig.  115. — Sweet  Buckeye,  Big  Buckeye.    ^E.flava,  Ait. 

Leaves,  COMPOUND  (hand-shaped  ;  leaflets,  usually  five, 
sometimes  seven)  ;  OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval,  long  egg-shape,  or  long 
reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed. 

Leaflet,  four  to  nine  inches  long,  one  to  three  inches  wide, 
usually  minutely  downy  beneath. 

Flowers,  pale  yellow.      April,  May. 

Fruit,  two  to  two  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter,  rounded. 
Husk,  not  prickly,  but  uneven.  Nut,  one  or  two  in 
a  husk,  large  and  brown. 

Found,  from  Alleghany  County,  Pennsylvania,  southward 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Northern  Georgia 
and  Alabama,  and  westward. 

A  tree  thirty  to  seventy  feet  high.  Its  wood  is  light 
and  hard  to  split.  With  the  other  species  of  the  same 
genus  it  is  preferred,  above  any  other  American  wood,  for 
the  making  of  artificial  limbs. 

232 


Fig.  115. — Sweet  Buckeye.     (IE.  flava,  Ait.) 

REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


234      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.  [E  i,  n 

Fig.  116.— Ohio    Buckeye,    Fetid  Buckeye.     ^E.  glabra,  Willd. 

^E.  Ohiotnsis,  Michaux. 
Leaves,  COMPOUND  (hand-shaped  ;  leaflets,  five)  ;  OPPOSITE  ; 

EDGE   TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  oval  or  long  oval.     Apex,  taper-pointed. 

Base,  pointed. 
Leaflets,  three  to  seven  inches  long ;  one  and  a  half  to 

three  inches  wide. 
Bark,  with  a  disagreeable  odor. 
Flowers,  small,  yellowish-white.     June. 
Fruit,  about  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.     Husk, 

prickly  when  young.     Nut,  smooth. 
Found,    along    the    western    slopes    of    the    Alleghany 

Mountains — Pennsylvania  to  Northern  Alabama  and 

westward. 

A  small,  ill-scented  tree  (eighteen  to  thirty-five  feet 
high),  with  wood  in  quality  and  use  much  like  that  of  the 
Sweet  Buckeye. 

Horse  Chestnut.     \/E.  Hippocastanum,  L.~\ 
A   very  common   introduced  and   cultivated    species, 
native  in  Northern  India. 
Leaflets,  five  to  seven  (usually  seven),  with  ribs  straight, 

and  brown-woolly  when  young. 

Flowers,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  large  ;  in  large,  up- 
right, pyramid-shaped  clusters ;  cream-white,  spotted 
with  yellow  and  purple.  May,  June. 

Fruit,  large.  Husk,  with  stiff  prickles.  Nut,  mahogany- 
colored,  with  a  large,  round,  whitish  scar ;  bitter,  and 
said  to  be  somewhat  poisonous. 

A  compact,  rounded  tree,  of  medium  size ;  very  orna- 
mental when  in  flower.  Its  bark  has  been  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  cinchona  bark  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent 
fevers. 


Fig.  116.— Ohio  Buckeye.     (IE.,  glabra,  Willd.) 

REDUCED   ONE   THIRD. 


I  tarried  there  that  day  ;  I  worshipped  there,— 
For  in  that  forest  God  seemed  everywhere. 
And  when  the  shining  day  was  wholly  done 
And  twilight's  peaceful  hours  were  well  begun,     . 
I  homeward  bore  the  forest's  loving  words 
That  rilled  my  heart  like  melodies  of  birds 
And  seemed  God's  benediction  from  above, — 
Those  woodland  gladsome  messages  of  love. 

— From  The  Trees. 


EXPLANATION    OF  TERMS 


EXPLANATION    OF  TERMS. 


TREES,  as  distinguished  from  shrubs,  are  those  species 
which,  as  the  rule,  spring  from  the  ground  with  a  single, 
branching  trunk. 

II. 

A  LEAF  is  : 

(i)  Simple,  when  it  is  of  one  piece.  (Fig.  a,  Willow 
Oak.) 


(2)  Compound,  when  there  are  two  or  more  entirely 
separate  pieces  (called  leaflets)  on  the  one  leaf-stem. 
(Figs,  b  and  c,  Dwarf  Sumach  and  Horse  Chestnut.) 
See  note  2. 

COMPOUND  LEAVES  are  : 

(1)  Feather-shaped,     when     the    leaflets    are    placed 
along  the  sides  of  the  leaf-stem.      (Fig.  6.) 

(When  the  compound  leaf  ends  with  a  pair  of  leaflets 
it  is  even-feathered ;  when  it  ends  with  one  leaflet  it  is 
odd-feathered^) 

(2)  Hand-shaped,  when  all   the  leaflets  radiate  from 
the  end  of  the  leaf-stem,  like  fingers  from  the  palm  of 
the  hand.      (Fig.  r.) 

NOTE  i. — Compound  leaves  may  be  once,  twice,  or  three  times  compound. 
NOTE  2. — The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple 
leaf  by  the  absence  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 

238 


Explanation  of  Terms. 


239 


FIG. 


FIG.  c. 


III. 


The  EDGE  of  the  leaf  is  : 

(1)  Entire,  when  it  is  an  even  line,  without  indenta- 
tions. 

(2)  Toothed,  when  it  is  set  with  an  indefinite  number 
of  sharp  or  blunt  teeth.      (Fig.  d.) 


FIG.  d. 


(3)  Lobed,  when  the  indentations  are  deep  and  of  a 
definite  number.      (Figs,  e,  f,  and  /;  Oaks  and  Poplar.) 


IV. 


THE  SHAPE  OF  THE  WHOLE  LEAF. — The  leaf  is : 
(i)  Needle-  or  line-shaped,  when  it  is  very  narrow  (some- 
times no  more  than  a  line),  and  of  about  the  same  width 
throughout.      (Fig.  k,  Pine.) 


240 


Explanation  of  Terms. 


FIG.  e. 


FIG.  /.  FIG.  g. 

(2)  Lance-shaped,  when  it  is  much  longer  than  wide, 
and  gradually  tapering  to  a  point.      (Fig.  i,  Willow.) 


FIG.  *. 


FIG.  h. 


(3)  Inversely   lance-shaped,   when    gradually    tapering 
down  instead  of  up. 

(4)  Egg-shaped,  when  it  is  the  shape  of  an  egg,  with 
the  broadest  part  below  the  middle,  but  without  regard  to 
the  base  and  apex.      (Fig.  /,  Dogwood.) 

(5)  Inversely  egg-shaped,   when   it  is  the  .shape  of  an 
egg,  but  with  the  broadest  part  above  the  middle. 


Explanation  of  Terms. 


241 


FIG.  j. 


(6)  Oval,  when  shaped   much  like  an  egg,  but  with 
the  broadest  part  at  the  middle.     (Fig.  k,  Beech.) 


FIG.  k. 

(7)  Rounded,  when  round  or  nearly  so. 

NOTE. — If  the  leaf  is  lobed  its  "  shape"  is  found  by  filling  out  the  space  between 
the  lobes. 

V. 

The  APEX  of  the  leaf  is  : 

(1)  Pointed.     (Fig.  /.) 

(2)  Taper-pointed,  when  the  leaf  gradually  tapers  to 
a  point.      (Fig.  m.) 

(3)  Bristle-pointed,  when  it  terminates  with  a  bristle. 
(Fig.  *.) 


FIG.  /.  FIG.  m.  FIG.  «. 

(4)  Scythe-shaped,  when  the  tapering  end  curves  like 
a  scythe.      (Fig.  o.) 

(5)  Blunt,  or  rounded,  when  the  end  is  evenly  curved. 
(Fig./-) 


242  Rxplanation  of  Terms. 


(6)  Hollowed,  when  the  end  is  more  or  less  hollowed 
or  notched.      (Fig.  ^.) 


FIG.  o. 


FIG./. 


FIG.  q. 


VI. 


The  BASE  of  the  leaf  is  : 

(1)  Squared,  when  it  is  cut  nearly  or  quite  straight 
across.      (Fig.  r.) 

(2)  Rounded.     (Fig.  s.) 

(3)  Pointed.     (Fig.  £) 

(4)  Wedge-shaped,    when    it    tapers    to     a    point     by 
straight  lines.      (Fig.  u.) 

(5)  Heart-shaped,  when  the  edge  is  turned  in  at  the 
base,  forming  a  notch  or  bend.      (Fig.  v.) 


FIG.  r. 


VII. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  LEAVES  ON  THE  BRANCH. — Leaves 
are  : 

(1)  Alternate,  when   they  follow  one    another  upon 
different  sides  of  the  branch.      (Elm,  Walnut.) 

(2)  Opposite,  when  they  are  in  pairs,  and  upon  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  branch.      (Maple,  Ash.) 

(3)  Indeterminate,  when   they   are    closely    crowded, 
either  in  bunches  (Pine,  Larch),  or  singly  up  and  down 
the  branches.      (Spruce,  Arbor  Vitae.) 


GLOSSARY. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Alternate-leaved     . 

.        242 

Leaflet  (distinguished  from  leaf) 

.  238 

Bristle-pointed        .         . 

.        241 

Lobed     

.   239 

Compound  leaf 

.        238 

Needle-shaped 

.   239 

Egg-shaped     .         . 

.        240 

Odd-feathered 

.  238 

Entire-edged  .... 

Opposite-leaved 

.     242 

Even-feathered 

.        238 

Oval       

.    241 

Rounded         .... 

24  T 

Feather-shaped        .         .         . 
Hand-shaped 
Heart-shaped 

.        238 
.        238 
.        242 

Scythe-shaped 
Simple  leaf     .... 
Squared  base  .... 

.        24T 
.        238 
.        242 

Hollowed        .... 

.        242 

Taper-pointed 

.        241 

Indeterminate-leaved 

.        242 

Toothed-  edge 

Inverse  egg-  or  lance-shaped  . 

.        24O 

Tree  (distinguished  from  shrub) 

.        238 

Lance-shaped 

.        240 

Twice  compound    .                   . 

.        238 

Leaflet   . 

.        238 

Wedge-shaped 

.        242 

INDEX    OF   TREES. 

The  names  of  genera  are  given  in  SMALL  CAPITALS,  of  species  and  varieties  in 
"roman  type,"  and  synonyms  in  italics.  The  names  of  introduced  species  are 
enclosed  by  brackets. 


A 

PAGB 

PAGB 

AsiMiNA  trlloba      .         .         *  , 

IO 

{Abele}   
ABIES  balsamea       .... 
Canadensis   .... 

94 
174 
172 

Aspen     ....        * 
Aspen,  Large-toothed     . 

.           84 

.       86 

Acacia,  Three-thorned    .         . 

192 

ACER  dasycarpum  .         ,       :  .        _. 

152 

B 

Pennsylvanicum     . 

148 

[platanoides] 

156 

Balm  of  Gilead 

.       92 

fpseudo-platanus]  ... 

TCfi 

Balsam  Fir    .... 

174 

rubrum           .... 

i54 

Poplar 

.    92 

saccharinum,  L.     . 

152 

Poplar,  Heart-leaved  . 

.    92 

saccharinum    \Vang*      .         . 

ISO 

Basswood        .... 

22 

saccharum      .... 

XD*-' 
150 

White    . 

.         24 

var.  nigrum 

TC2 

Bay   Sweet     ... 

6 

.&SCULUS  flava       .        .        .        . 

X0'* 

232 

Bean,  Indian 

.     140 

fflabra     .         .         •         . 

234 

Beech     

[Hippocastanum]    . 

*J4- 
234 

Beech,  Blue    .... 

66 

Ohioensis         .         .  ,x    . 

234 

Beech,  Water 

.       66 

[Ailanthus]     .                            .         . 

1  86 

Bee  Tree         .         .         .        ^-' 

22 

[AILANTHUS  glandulosa] 

1  86 

BETULA  lenta          .        .     ,-  ,-•„? 

.         62 

AMELANCHIER  Canadensis 

40 

lutea          .         .        -i;- 

.         60 

var.  oblongifolia 

42 

nigra          .         .      ^-:» 

•       59 

Apple    Crab    ..... 

-_ 

papyrifera          . 

56 

Arbor  Vitse     

1  80 

[pendula]  .         .         . 

.       56 

Ash    Black 

228 

populifolia         .         . 

ee 

Blue       .... 

226 

rubra         .         .         . 

•          03 

59 

[European  Mountain]     . 

202 

Bilsted  ....       _+.. 

.     130 

Green 

22.4 

Birch   Black  .         .         .        .»' 

62 

Hoop 

VVQ 
228 

Canoe  .... 

56 

Mountain       .... 

200 

Cherry 

.       62 

Red        .         ..  ,     » 

222 

Gray    .... 

ce 

Water    

228 

Oldfield        .         ... 

•         J5 
55 

White 

22O   - 

Paper 

Ash-leaved  Maple  . 

218 

Red      . 

*Q 

245 


246 


Index  of  Trees. 


Birch,  River  ..... 
Sweet 

PAGE 

59 
62 

CHIONANTHUS  Virginica 

PAGE 
138 

[Weeping]    .      "T^^T 
White  
White  (Paper  Birch)      . 
Yellow          .... 
Bitter-nut       
Slack  Haw 

56 
55 
56 
60 
214 

Cockspur  Thorn       .... 
Coffee  Tree,  Kentucky     . 
Cornel    ...... 
Alternate-leaved    .          .         ,. 
CORNUS  alternifolia 
florida 

38 
IQO 
134 
136 
136 

Black  Jack 

114 

Cottonwood    . 

Black  Oak      

1  20 

River  . 

88 

Black  Spruce  ..... 

1  68 

Swamp 

88 

Black  Thorn 

36 

Black  Walnut         .... 

203 
218 

Narrow-leaved 
CRATVEGUS  cocclnea       »        .        . 

32 
•34 

BROUSSONETIA  papyrifera 
Buckeye,  Big          .... 
Fetid       .... 
Ohio        .... 
Sweet      .... 
Burr  Oak                 .... 

52 
232 
234 
234 
232 
106 

var.  mollis 
crus-galli       .         .       ., 
var.   pyracan- 
thifolia      . 
punctata 

36 

38 

4o 
38 
^6 

204 

Cucumber  Tree 

6 

Butlonbatt  Tree      .... 

53 
53 

CUPRESSUS.     See  CHAM^ECYPARIS. 
Custard  Apple 

C 

CARP!NUS  Caroliniana    . 
CARYA.     See  HicdRiA. 
CASTANEA  satlva,  var.  Americana   . 
Catalpa  
CATALPA  bignonoides     . 
speci6sa  .... 

66 

68 
140 
140 
140 
140 

D 

DIOSPYROS  Virginiana    . 
Dogwood,  Alternate-leaved     . 
Flowering 
Poison   .... 

E 

16 
136 
134 
198 

Cedar,  Red     
White           . 

181 

178 

Poison    ',.    ,.'  .   . 
Elkwood 

196 
g 

White  (Arbor  Vitae)      . 
CELTJS  occidentalis 
var.  crassi  folia  . 
CERCIS  Canadensis 
CHAM^ECYPARIS  sphaeroidea    . 

180 
48 
48 

12 

I78 

Elm,  Corky  white  .         .         .         . 
[English]        .         .         .         .. 
Red        .         .  *     „  *     . 
Slippery         » 
White    .".'.'. 

46 
47 
47 
47 
44 

thyoides 
Cherry   Bird 

I78 
28 

Pin    . 

28 
27 

FAGUS  ferruginea    .... 

70 

Wild  black         .        ^  :  . 
Wild  red    . 
Chestnut                                    . 

27 
28 

68 

Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead 
Balsam    .         ..... 
FRAxiNUS  Americana      .         . 

174 
174 

220 

no 

pubescens 

222 

Index  of  Trees. 


247 


FRAXINUS  quadrangulata 

226 

PAGE 

sambucifolia  .         .  ;;-.  -'. 

228 

ILEX  montlcola 

.        26 

viridis    .... 

224 

ooaca 

0,1 

Fringe  Tree    .       "•  .        -. 

138 

Indian  Bean  .... 

.      140 

Ironivood  (Hop-Hornbeam)     . 

.        64 

Ironwood  (Hornbeam)     . 

.       66 

GLED!TSCHIA  triacanthos 

192 

T 

var.     bra- 

J 

chycarpos 

194 

Jersey  Pine    .... 

.     162 

var.       in- 

Judas  Tree     .... 

12 

ermis 

194      JUGLANS  cinerea     . 

.       204 

Gum,  Black    

12 

nigra 

.       203 

Sour      

12 

Juneberry       .... 

.         40 

Sweet    

130 

Juniper,  Common   .         .         . 

.       182 

GYMN6CLADUS  Canadensis      .      '•'-» 

190 

JUNiPERUS  communis      . 

.       182 

dlsicus    . 

190 

Virginiana     . 

.     181 

H 

K 

Hackberry      
Hackmatack    ..... 

48 

I7e 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree    . 
King-nut        .... 

.     190 

.     208 

Haw,  Black    

x  /  D 

144 

L 

Red       

34 

Hemlock 

Larch     

175 

Hickory,  Big-bud  .... 

172 
208 

LARIX  Americana  . 

•     175 

Big  shell-bark 

208 

lariclna 

•     175 

Bitter-nut 

214 

Laurel,  Swamp 

6 

Black       .... 

208 

Lever-wood       .... 

.       64 

Broom      .... 

212 

Lime  Tree      .... 

22 

Pig-nut    .          .         .         . 

212 

Linden,  American  . 

22 

Shag-bark         .         .   :.     . 

206 

[European] 

.         24 

Shell-bark        . 

206 

LIQUIDAMBER  styraclflua 

.       130 

Small-fruited   .         .      ;>yv 

2IO 

LIRIODENDRON  tuliplfera 

.         98 

Swamp    .         .         .        '. 

214 

Locust,  Clammy      .         .      •  -. 

.      190 

White-heart     . 

208 

Honey         .         .      m&* 

.      I92 

HIC6RIA  alba          .... 

208 

Yellow       . 

.     188 

glabra       .... 

212 

[Lombardy  Poplar]           .     ,    . 

.       94 

microcarpa 

2IO 

M 

minima    .... 

214 

ovata        .... 

206 

MAGNOLIA  acuminata 

6 

sulcata     .... 

208 

glauca  . 

6 

Holly,  American     .... 

24 

tripetala 

.         8 

Honey  Locust          .... 

192 

Magnolia,  Mountain       .       •.'*• 

6 

Honey  Shucks          .... 

192 

Small     . 

6 

Hop-Hornbeam       \     '"*     :    -.  -'••'. 

64 

Maple,  Ash-leaved  . 

.     218 

Hornbeam      .         .         j  -':•  '•'•'.' 

66 

Maple,  Bird'  s-eye  .         .         . 

.     152 

Hornbeam,  Hop     .... 

64 

Black 

.     152 

[Horse-chestnut]     .         .   •     .     '    . 

234 

Curly           .         .         ,  -•' 

.     152 

248 


Index  of  Trees. 


Maple,  [Cut-leaved] 

PAGE 
.        I56 

Oak,  Quercitron      . 

PACK 
.       I2O 

Goose-foot    .          •          • 

.         148 

Red 

122 

Hard. 

.         150 

Kock  chestnut 

.       110 

[Japanese]  . 

.         I56 

Rough-leaved  white 

.       104 

[Norway]    . 

.         156 

Scarlet   .... 

.     118 

Red     . 

•         154 

Shingle 

.       128 

Rock 

ISO 

Spanish 

116 

Silver 

•        152 

Swamp  chestnut 

.     no 

[Silver-striped]    .         . 

.         156 

Swamp  Spanish 

.       121 

&/T(Red)  . 

•         154 

Swamp  white 

.     108 

Soft  (Silver) 

152 

Water 

124 

Striped 

.         148 

White 

IO2 

Sugar 

.        ISO 

Willow 

.       126 

Swamp 

•        154 

Yellow-bark    . 

.       120 

[Sycamore,  False] 

.         156 

Yellow  (Black) 

.       120 

While 

.         152 

Yellow  chestnut     . 

.       112 

Mocker-nut     .... 

.        2O8 

Yellow  (Yellow  chestnut) 

.       IJ2 

Moosewood               ... 

148 

Osier,  Golden           .         .         . 

80 

MORUS  [alba] 

•            50 

6sTRYA  Virginiana 

.    .     64 

rubra 

•            50 

OXYDENDRUM  arboreum 

.       42 

Mountain  Ash 

.       2OO 

[Mulberry,  Paper\ 

•          52 

P 

Mulberry,  Red 

•         50 

[White] 

•          50 

Papaw    
[Paper  Mulberry]    . 

IO 

.    52 

N 

Pepperidge       .... 

12 

Persimmon      .... 

.       16 

Nanny  Berry 

.       I46 

PlCEA  alba                                  . 

I7O 

NEGUNDO  aceroides 
[Norway  Spruce}    . 
NYSSA  sylvatica 

.     218 

.    172 

12 

Canadensis     . 
[excelsa] 
Mariana 

.    170 
.    172 

.     168 

o 

nigra     .... 

.     1  68 

Pig-nut  .         .         .         .         . 

.      212 

Oak    Barren 

H4 

Pine   Gray                                  . 

161 

Bartram's 

.       128 

Hickory 

.      162 

Black 

1  2O 

Jersev 

,      162 

Blackjack     . 

.       114 

Northern  scrub 

.     161 

Burr       .... 

.     106 

Norway         .         .         . 

.     164 

Chestnut 

,     no 

Pitch     .... 

1  66 

Gray               .         .         . 

122 

Prince's 

.     161 

Iron        .          .         «         • 

IO4 

Red       .... 

164 

tack 

IIA 

Scrub    .... 

.     162 

Laurel                      «         . 

128 

Short-leaved  . 

.     165 

Mossy-cup       .         .         . 

.     106 

Spruce  .... 

.     165 

Over-cup  -white 

.     106 

Table  Mountain     . 

.     162 

Peach-leaved  .         .         . 

.     126 

Weymouth      . 

.     168 

Pin 

I2J. 

White   .... 

168 

Post 

.    104 

Yellow  . 

.     165 

Index  of  Trees. 


249 


PINUS  Banksiana     .... 

PAGE 

161 

QUERCUS  blcolor     .         .         .  -:  . 

PAGE 

.     108 

ecpinata        .... 

165 

castanea  .         ..''•; 

.       112 

inops 

162 

cocclnea 

118 

mitis                        .          . 

"        var.  amblgua 

122 

pungens        .         .         .    •     , 

162 

"        var.  tinctiria 

.       120 

resinosa         .... 

164 

cuneata    . 

.       116 

rlgida                               •    ^     • 

1  66 

falcata 

116 

rubra  .          .          .          ^  .•  .  ;     • 

164 

heteroph^lla  (hybrid) 

.     128 

Strobus          .... 

1  68 

imbricaria 

.     128 

Virginiana    .... 

162 

macrocarpa 

.     106 

Plane  Tree 

ro 

minor 

TOJ. 

PL.ATANUS  occidentalis    . 

53 

"     var.  olivaef6rmis 

.     108 

Plum,  Canada          .... 

30 

Muhlenbergii  . 

.       112 

Horse             .... 

3° 

nigra 

I  IA 

Wild    

30 

obtusilbba         .  .     V.- 

•        1  14 

.    104 

Poison  Sumach        .... 

198 

palustris            .  ,   •'•  v  )  .< 

.    124 

Poplar    ...... 

90 

Phellos     . 

.    126 

Poplar,  Balsam        .... 

92 

Prinus      .  .    ;_•;£'.••  •:•  -. 

.     no 

Downy-leaved     .         ... 

88 

"      var.  discolor  . 

.     108 

Heart-leaved  balsam    . 

92 

"      var.  montlcolor 

.     no 

[Lombardy]         .  '  .'."",".        . 

94 

rubra 

.       122 

Necklace     .... 

90 

Rudklni  (hybrid)      . 

.     128 

River          .... 

90 

tinctoria  .         .         . 

.       120 

[Silver-leaf] 

94 

White  (Aspen)     . 

84 

R 

[  White  (Silver-leaf)]  . 

94 

Red  Bud         .... 

12 

Yellow         .... 

98 

Red  Cedar 

181 

POPULUS  [alba]       .... 

94 

Red  Haw 

M' 

angulata  .... 

90 

Red  Oak 

122 

balsamlfera 
var.  candicans, 

92 
92 

RHUS  typhina 
"      var.  laciniata      . 

.       I96 

.       198 

[dilitata]. 

94 

venenata       .         .         . 

.       198 

grand  identata  . 
heteroph^lla     . 

86 

88 

RoBtNiA  pseudacacia       .         »"   ; 
viscosa 

.     188 
.     190 

monilifera 
tremuloides 

90 

84 

[Rowan  Tree] 

.       202 

PRUNUS  Americana 

30 

s 

Pennsylvania    . 

28 

serotina     . 

27 

SALix[alba]  .         ,         .     ~    r 

78 

PYRUS  Americana  .         .         .         . 

200 

[var.  caeriilea] 

.          80 

[ancuparia] 

202 

[var.  vittelllna]  . 

.       8c 

angustifolia           .         »,         . 

32 

Amygdaloides       .         . 

74 

coronaria     . 

32 

[Babylonica] 

.       82 

sambucifolia 

2O2 

[fragilis]        .         .         . 

.       83 

•   lucida  .... 

•       76 

o 

nigra    .... 

•       72 

V 

var.  falcata  . 

•       74 

QUERCUS  alba         .        .        .        . 

102 

rostrata          .                   . 

.       78 

250 


Index  of  Trees. 


PAGE 

18 

TSUGA  Canadensis  .         . 

PAC3 

SASSAFRAS  officinale 

18 

Tulip  Tree     .         .         .     •  •»  •  - 

Q8 

Savin     .... 

.     181 

Scarlet  Oak     . 
Service  Tree    . 

.     118 
40 
.                40 

U 

.     206 

•       44 

146 

47 

Shell-bark       . 
Big           .         . 
Shingle  Oak   . 

.     206 

.     208 
.     128 

racem6sa     .         .        . 

rubra           .         .         . 

.       47 
.       46 
.      47 

Silver-Leaf  Poplar 
Sorrel  Tree     . 

•       94 
.       42 

.            .          12 

V 

Sour  Wood     . 

.            .42 

VIBURNUM  lentago          .         . 

.     146 

Spanish  Oak 

116 

prunif61ium  . 

.     144 

Spruce,  Black 
[Norway]  . 
White 

Stag-bush 
Stag-horn  Sumach  . 
Stump  Tree    . 

.     168 
.     172 
.     170 
.     144 
.         .     196 
.         .     190 

Viburnum,  Sweet    .         .         . 
W 

Wahoo   
Walnut,  Black 
White 

.     146 

.       24 
.     203 
.     204 

48 

Whistle  -wood  .... 

.     148 

Sumach,  Poison 
Stag-horn 

.     198 
.         .     196 

White  Cedar  .... 
White  Cedar  (Arbor  Vitse)       . 
While  Oak      .... 

.     178 
.     180 

IO2 

Swamp  White  Oak 

.     108 
6 

White  Pine    .... 

.     168 

.         .130 

White  Spruce 

.     170 

Sycamore         .          .          . 

•         •       5^ 

White  Thorn 

•       34 

T 

Q2 

White  Wood  (Basswood) 
White  Wood  (Tulip  Tree) 
Willow,  Black 
Blue. 

22 

.         98 
•         72 
80 

I7c 

[Crack]      . 

83 

Thorn,  Black 
Cockspur    . 
Common 
Dotted-fruited     . 
Pear  . 
Scarlet-fruited    , 
White 
Three-thorned  Acacia 
TniJYA  occidentalis 

.           .         36 

.           .         38 
.           .         38 
.           .         38 
.           .         36 

34 
•       34 
•     192 
1  80 

Glossy  broad-leaved    . 
Long-beaked      . 
Ochre-flowered  . 
Scythe-leaved     .         . 
Shining 
[Weeping] 
[White]     . 
[Yellow]    . 
Willow  Oak    .... 

•          76 

•         78 
•          78 

•       74 
.       76 
.       82 
.       78 
.       80 
.     126 

TILIA  Americana    . 
[Europifea]    . 

22 

.     24 

24 

Y 
Yellow  Pine  .... 

165 

pubescens     . 

.     24 

Yellow  Poplar 

.       98 

THE    SHRUBS 

OF 

NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 

. 
BY 

CHARLES   S.   NEWHALL 


SIXTH  IMPRESSION 


THE  SHRUBS. 

'T  is  true,  among  the  brotherhood 
Of  regal  trees  that  hold  their  place 
Like  sceptred  kings,  you  have  no  rank, 
Dear  children  of  the  humbler  race. 


Instead  you  ever  seem  to  stand 
In  mute  appeal  for  love  and  care, 
With  offered  gifts  of  grace  and  bloom, 
In  lowly  places  everywhere. 

But,  children  of  the  humbler  race, 
'T  is  therefor  that  we  give  you  praise. 
You  give  your  souls  (your  flowers),  and  we 
Our  love,  through  all  the  changing  days. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS        ......  vii 

PREFACE .  xi 

LIST  OF  FAMILIES  AND  OF  GENERA    .  13 

DIRECTIONS,  SIGNS  USED,  ETC 17 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SHRUBS  (by  Flower.     Natural  Arrange- 
ment.)         .......'  19 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SHRUBS  (by  Leaf.)       ....  25 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SHRUBS  (by  Fruit.)      ....  29 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SHRUBS  (with  Illustrations.)      .        .     34-233 

Angiospermae,  mostly  with  Distinct  Petals  .     34-129 

"      United        "       .   130-192 

"  with  Petals  Lacking       .         .  194-228 

Gymnospe>mae        ......  230-233 

SHRUBS  NOT  ELSEWHERE  NAMED        ....         233 

EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 236 

GLOSSARY        .        . 240 

LIST  OF  SHRUBS  WORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION       .       .         241 
INDEX  TO  THE  SHRUBS 243 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Figure  i. — SHRUB  YELLOW-ROOT       ....        .        .        .  35 

Figure  2. — SWEET-BAY ,    .,,..        ...  37 

Figure  3. — PAPAW 39 

Figure  4.— BARBERRY 41 

Figure  5. — HUDSONIA 41 

Figure  6. — ST.-PETER'S-WORT     . 43 

Figure  7. — SHRUBBY  ST.-JOHN'S-WORT 43 

Figure  8.— PRICKLY  ASH 49 

Figure  9. — HOP  TREE 51 

Figure  10. — ILEX 53 

Figure  n. — WINTERBERRY 53 

Figure  12. — INKBERRY        .         •;;•,><«.     ,,«.,.••  55 

Figure  13 — MOUNTAIN  HOLLY 57 

Figure  14. — BURNING-BUSH 59 

Figure  15. — STRAWBERRY-BUSH          .        .        .        .        .        .  59 

Figure  16. — LANCE- LEAVED  BUCKTHORN 63 

Figure  17. — ALDER-LEAVED  BUCKTHORN 63 

Figure  18. — NARROW-LEAVED  CEANOTHUS        ....  65 

Figure  19 — NEW  JERSEY  TEA 65 

Figure  20. — MOUNTAIN  MAPLE 67 

Figure  21. — BLADDER-NUT         .......  69 

Figure  22. — SMOOTH  SUMACH     .......  71 

Figure  23. — DWARF  SUMACH      .         .         ...        .        .        .  71 

Figure  24. — POISON  SUMACH       .         .         .         .         ....  75 


Illustrations 


PACK 

Figure  25. — POISON  IVY s      77 

Figure  26. — SWEET  SUMACH 77 

Figure  27. — FALSE  INDIGO 79 

Figure  28. — WILD  PLUM 83 

Figure  29. — BEACH  PLUM 83 

Figure  30. — SLOE  [P.  spmdsAJ 85 

Figure  31. — CHOKE-CHERRY 85 

Figure  32. — MEADOW-SWEET 87 

Figure  33.  — BIRCH-LEAVED  SPIRAEA 87 

Figure  34. — HARDHACK 89 

Figure  35. — NINE-BARK 89 

Figure  36. — PURPLE-FLOWERING  RASPBERRY     ....  91 

Figure  37. — RED  RASPBERRY 93 

Figure  38. — BLACKCAP 95 

Figure  39. — BLAND  ROSE 99 

Figure  40. — CHOKEBERRY 101 

Figure  41. — DOGBERRY 101 

Figure  42. — WHITE  THORN 105 

Figure  43. — BLACK  THORN 105 

Figure  44. — COCKSPUR  THORN   .         .         .         .        .        .        .  107 

Figure  45. — DWARF  THORN 107 

Figure  46. — JUNE-BERRY 109 

Figure  47. — SWEET-SCENTED  SHRUB 109 

Figure  48. — WILD  HYDRANGEA 113 

Figure  49. — ITEA 115 

Figure  50. — PRICKLY  GOOSEBERRY 115 

Figure  51. — SWAMP  GOOSEBERRY        .         .         .         .         .         .  117 

Figure  52. — WILD  RED  CURRANT 117 

Figure  53. — WITCH-HAZEL 119 

Figure  54. — ANGELICA  TREE 123 

Figure  55. — ROUND-LEAVED  CORNEL 125 

Figure  56.— COMMON  ELDER 131 

Figure  57.— HOBBLE-BUSH 135 

Figure  58. — BUSH  CRANBERRY 137 

Figure  59. — MAPLE-LEAVED  ARROW-WOOD        .         .         .         .  139 


Illustrations 


PAGB 


Figure  60. — ARROW-WOOD.        .        .        .        .        .  '    ".:       .  141 

Figure  61.— DOWNY  ARROW-WOOD 141 

Figure  62. — WITHE-ROD  (V.  NUDUM) 143 

Figure  63. — BLACK  HAW    . 143 

Figure  64. — SNOWBERRY 145 

Figure  65. — INDIAN  CURRANT 145 

Figure  66. — FLY-HONEYSUCKLE          ......  147 

Figure  67. — BUSH  HONEYSUCKLE 151 

Figure  68. — BUTTON-BUSH 153 

Figure  69. — GROUNDSEL  TREE 153 

Figure  70. — COMMON  BLACK  HUCKLEBERRY      ....  157 

Figure  71. — DANGLEBERRY 157 

Figure  72. — SQUAW  HUCKLEBERRY 161 

Figure  73. — COMMON  Low  BLUEBERRY 161 

Figure  74. — COMMON  HIGH  BLUEBERRY 165 

Figure  75. — MARSH  ANDR6MEDA 167 

Figure  76. — STAGGER-BUSH 167 

Figure  77. — PRIVET  ANDROMEDA 170 

Figure  78. — LEUCOTHOE 170 

Figure  79. — LEATHER-LEAF        .'......  172 

Figure  80. — MOUNTAIN  LAUREL 175 

Figure  81. — SHEEP  LAUREL 177 

Figure  82. — CLAMMY  AZALEA 181 

Figure  83. — PURPLE  AZALEA      .        .      ;.        .        .         .         .  181 

Figure  84. — GREAT  LAUREL 183 

Figure  85. — RHODORA 183 

Figure  86. —  LABRADOR  TEA 187 

Figure  87. — SWEET  PEPPER-BUSH 189 

Figure  88. — FRINGE-TREE 191 

Figure  89. — SPICE-BUSH 195 

Figure  90. — LEATHERWOOD 197 

Figure  91. — SHEPHERDIA 197 

Figure  92. — AMERICAN  MISTLETOE 201 

Figure  93. — OIL-NUT  .........  201 

Figure  94. — BAYBERRY 203 


Illustrations 


PAGE 


Figure  95. — SWEET-GALE 203 

Figure  96. — SWEET-FERN 203 

Figure  97. — Low  BIRCH 207 

Figure  98. — SMOOTH  ALDER        .......  211 

Figure  99. — HAZEL-NUT 213 

Figure  100 — BEAKED  HAZEL-NUT      .       -.        .        .         .         .  213 

Figure  101. — HORNBEAM 215 

Figure  102. — DWARF  CHESTNUT  OAK        .     .<>«•};  *       \*    -.->•  2I7 

Figure  103. — BEAR  OAK .-. \     .    .  217 

Figure  104. — DWARF  CHESTNUT 219 

Figure  105. — LONG-LEAVED  WILLOW 221 

Figure  106. — PRAIRIE  WILLOW  . 221 

Figure  107. —  DWARF  GRAY  WILLOW          .         .         .         .         .221 

Figure  108. — SILKY  WILLOW 221 

Figure  109. — LONG-STALKED  GREEN  OSIER       .        .        .        .221 

Figure  no. — SAGE  WILLOW 225 

Figure  in. — HEART-LEAVED  WILLOW 225 

Figure  112. — PEAR-LEAVED  WILLOW 225 

Figure  113. — SALIX  MYRTILLOIDES 225 

Figure  114. — BROOM  CROW-BERRY     .        .        .        .        .        .227 

Figure  115. — COMMON  JUNIPER 231 

Figure  116. — AMERICAN  YEW 231 


PREFACE. 
I. 

"  C ,  now  that  you  have  finished  your  book  about 

the  trees,  I  wish  you  would  make  another,  this  time 
about  our  native  shrubs." 

"Why?" 

"  Partly  because  I  want  to  know  the  shrubs  as  I  have 
learned  to  know  the  trees,  and  partly  for  another  reason. 
You  remember  the  little  place  I  have  in  the  country?" 

"Yes,  a  pretty  place  that  could  be  made  prettier." 

"  Well,  I  had  thought  of  finding  a  gardener  and  telling 
him  to  stock  it  as  he  chose,  but  I  have  a  fancy  that  the 
result  would  be  better  every  way  if  I  and  the  children 
were  to  search  the  woods  and  so  stock  it  for  ourselves." 

"  And  you  want  me  to  help  you  in  your  miniature 
landscape  gardening." 

"  I  want  you  to  help  me  to  know  all  our  shrubs,  and 
among  them  to  know  the  best  for  the  garden  and  the 
lawn.  Will  you  ?" 

"  Yes." 

II. 

In  the  introduction  to  The  Trees  of  Northeastern 
America,  I  referred  to  the  interest  which  one  who  visits 


xii  Preface 

the  woods  often  takes  in  personal  fellowship  with  the 
individual  trees.  He  is  not  satisfied  to  pass  through  a 
forest  or  a  field  as  one  might  walk  the  streets  of  a  crowded 
city — unacquainted.  His  mood  is  friendly  ;  therefore  he 
is  pleased  when  by  any  chance  he  can  know  the  trees  as 
friends,  in  their  home  life,  intimately  and  by  name. 

One  has  a  similar  feeling  toward  the  humbler  company 
of  the  shrubs. 

As  I  undertook  the  pleasant  work  of  introduction 
between  the  many  who  have  no  technical  botanical  knowl- 
edge and  my  friends  the  trees,  now  I  do  the  same  for 
them  and  my  friends  the  shrubs. 

III. 

The  shrubs  described  in  the  following  pages  are  all 
which  are  found  native  in  Canada  and  the  United  States 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  north  of  the  latitude  of 
Southern  Pennsylvania.  With  these  are  described  the 
more  important  of  the  introduced  and  naturalized  species. 

The  woody  vines  of  the  section  are  not  included. 
They  are  reserved  for  another  volume. 

I  -am  glad  to  acknowledge  my  obligations  to  Dr. 
Thomas  Morong,  and  again  to  Professor  N.  L.  Britton 
of  Columbia  College.  Professor  Britton  has  very  kindly 
revised  the  nomenclature  of  the  shrubs.  For  the  localities 
I  have  chiefly  followed  Gray  and  Wood.  I  am  indebted 
also  to  the  works  of  Torrey,  Emerson,  Millspaugh, 
Meehan,  and  others. 


LIST  OF  FAMILIES  AND  OF  GENERA. 


Family    i     RANUNCULACE^E    (Crowfoot 

Fam. ) 
Family    2.     MAGNOLIACE^E     (Magnolia 

Fam.) 

Family  3.  ANONACE^E  (Papaw  Fam.) 
Family    4.     BERBERIDACE^E     (Barberry 

Fam.) 

Family  5.  CISTACEJE  (Rock-rose  Fam.) 
Family  6.  HYPERICACEJE       (St-John's- 
wort  Fam.) 


Family  7.  RuxAcE^:  (Rue  Fam.) 


Famil    8. 


(Holly  Fam.) 


Family    9.     CELASTRACE^E     (Staff-tree 

Fam.) 
Family    10.    RHAMNACETE    (Buckthorn 

Fam.) 


Family  n.  SAPINDACE;E 


Family    12     ANACARDIACEJE    (Sumach 

Fam.) 
Family  13.  LEGUMINOS^E  (Pulse  Fam.) 


Genus    Xanthorhiza    (Shrub 

Yellow-root. 
Genus  Magnolia  (Magnolia). 

Genus  Asimina  (Papaw). 
Genus  Berberis  (Barberry). 

Genus  Hudsonia(Hudsonia). 

Genus  As"cyrum  (St.-Peter's- 
wort). 

Genus  Hypericum  (St.- 
John's-wort). 

Genus  Xanthoxylum(  Prickly 
Ash). 

Genus  Ptelea  (Shrubby  Tre- 
foil). 

Genus  Ilex  (Holly,  etc.). 

Genus  Nemopanthes  (Mt. 
Holly). 

Genus  Euonymus  (Burning- 
Bush.) 

Genus  Rhamnus  (Buck- 
thorns). 

Genus  Ceanothus  (New  Jer- 
sey Tea,  etc.). 

Genus  Acer  (Maple). 

Genus  Staphylea  (Bladder- 
nut). 

Genus  Rhus  (Sumachs). 

Genus  Amorpha  (False 
Indigo). 


14        List  of  Families  and  of  Genera 


Family  14.  ROSACES  (Rose  Fam.) 


Family    15.    CALYCANTHACE^E     (Caly- 

canthus  Fam.) 
Family   16.    SAXIFRAGACE^E    (Saxifrage 

Fam.) 

Family     17.      HAMAMELfDE.*      (Witch 

Hazel  Fam.) 
Family  18.  ARALIACE^E  (Ginseng  Fam.) 

Family  19.  CORNACE^E  (Dogwood  Fam.) 

Family    20.     CAPRIFOLIACEJE    (Honey- 
suckle Fam.) 


Family  21.  RUBIACE^E  (Madder  Fam.) 

Family     22.     CoMp6siT^E     (Composite 
Fam.) 


Family  23.  ERICACEAE  (Heath  Fam.) 


Genus  Prunus  (Plum, 
Cherry). 

Genus  Spiraea  (Meadow- 
sweet, etc.). 

Genus  Physocarpus  (Nine- 
bark). 

Genus  Rubus  (Blackberry, 
etc.). 

Genus  R5sa  (Rose). 

Genus  Pyrus  (Chokeberry, 
etc.). 

Genus  Crataegus  (Thorn, 
Haw). 

Genus  Amelanchior  (June- 
berry). 

Genus  Calycanthus  (Sweet- 
scented  Shrub). 

Genus  Hydrangea. 

Genus  Itea. 

Genus  Ribes  (Currant,  etc.). 

Genus  Hamamelis  (Witch 
Hazel). 

Genus  Aralia  (Angelica 
Tree). 

Genus  Cornus  (Dogwoods  or 
Cornels). 

Genus  Sambucus  (Elders). 

Genus  Viburnum  (Arrow- 
woods,  etc.). 

Genus  Symphoricarpos 
(Snowberry,  etc.). 

Genus  Lonicera  ( Fly-Honey- 
suckles). 

Genus  Diervilla.  (Bush 
Honeysuckle). 

Genus  Cephalanthus  (But- 
ton-bush). 

Genus  Baccharis  (Groundsel 
Tree). 

Genus  iva,  L.  (Marsh  Elder). 
Genus  Gaylussacia  (Huckle- 
berry). 


List  of  Families  and  of  Genera         1 5 


Family  23.    ERICACEAE  (Heath  Fam.) 
Continued, 


Family  24.  OLEACEJE  (Olive  Fam.) 


Family  25.  LAURACE^E  (Laurel  Fam.) 
Family    26.      THYMELACE^E     (Daphne 

Fam.) 
Family    27.     EL^AGNACE^E     (Oleaster 

Fam.) 
Family    28.    LORANTHACE.E  (Mistletoe 

Fam.) 
Family  29.  SANTALACE^E    (Sandalwood 

Fam.) 

MYRICACE.fi 


Family   30. 

Fam.) 
Family   31. 

Fam.) 


(Sweet-Gale 
(Oak,    etc., 


Family  32.  SALICACE.E  (Willow  Fam.) 
Family  33.    EMPETRACE^E  (Crow-berry 
Fam.) 


Family  34.  CoNfFER^E  (Pine  Fam.) 


Genus  Vaccinium  (Blue- 
berry, etc.). 

Genus  Andromeda. 

Genus  Leucothoe. 

Genus  Cassdndra. 

Genus  Kalmia  (Laurels,  etc.). 

Genus  Menziesia. 

Genus    Rhododendron 
(Azaleas,  etc.). 

Genus  Ledum  (Labradoi 
Tea). 

Genus  Clethra  (Sweet  Pep- 
per-bush). 

Genus  Chionanthus  (Fringe 
Tree). 

Genus  Ligustrum  (Privet). 

Genus  Lindera  (Spice-bush). 

Genus  Dirca  (Leatherwood). 

Genus  Daphne  (Mezereum). 

Genus  Shepherdia. 

Genus    Phoradendron    (Am. 

Mistletoe). 
Genus  Pyrularia  (Oil-nut). 

Genus  Myrica  (Bayberry, 
etc.). 

Genus  Betula  (Birches). 

Genus  Alnus  (Alders). 

Genus  Corylus  (Hazel-nuts). 

Genus  Carpinus  (Horn- 
beam). 

Genus  Qiiercus  (Oaks). 

Genus  Castanea  (Dwarf 
Chestnut). 

Genus  Salix  (Willows). 

Genus  Corema  (Broom 
Crow-berry). 

Genus  Empetrum  (Black 
Crow-berry). 

Genus  Juniperus  (Juniper). 

Genus  Taxus  (Am.  Yew). 


DIRECTIONS. 

NOTE  i.  The  place  of  any  given  specimen  can  be 
readily  found  by  help  of  one  or  more  of  the  three 
"  Guides  "  given  on  pages  19  to  32. 

The  first  Guide  is  arranged  for  use  with  the  flowers ; 
the  second,  with  the  leaves ;  the  third,  with  the  fruit. 
Which  of  the  three  can  be  used  to  the  best  advantage 
will  depend  upon  the  time  of  year. 

The  descriptions  are  scientific  but  not  technical. 

NOTE  2.  In  describing  a  species,  the  general  items 
that  have  been  given  under  the  genus  or  the  family  to 
which  the  species  belongs  are  not  usually  repeated. 

NOTE  3.  In  using  the  Leaf  Guide  and  the  leaf  illustra- 
tions it  should  be  remembered  that  leaves  from  vigorous 
young  sprouts  are  not  usually  the  best  specimens.  It 
is  seldom  that  two  leaves,  even  upon  the  same  mature 
plant,  exactly  agree,  but  they  follow  the  type,  while  often 
the  younger  growth  varies  from  it. 

NOTE  4.  Those  species  are  considered  shrubs  (in  dis- 
tinction from  trees)  which,  as  the  rule,  do  not  spring  from 
the  ground  with  a  single  branching  trunk. 

NOTE  5.  Signs  used  :  A  grave  accent  (•>)  over  a  vowel 
indicates  that  it  is  accented  and  long.  An  acute  accent 
(')  over  a  vowel  indicates  that  it  is  accented  and  short. 

Names  enclosed  in  brackets  indicate  that  the  shrub  is 
not  native. 

17 


GUIDE  I. 

FLOWERS. 


3.  Anther-  -  / 
2.  Filament -7-1 


Stigma 


Corolla  ("  crown  ")  =  the  circle 
of  petals. 


f  V 

Calyx  ("  cup  ")  —  the  circle  of  sepals. 

For  further  explanation  of  terms  see  Glossary,  page  240. 


CLASS  FIRST. — Young  seeds  enclosed  in  a  seed-case  (An- 
giospermae),  including  all  shrubs  excepting  those  of 
the  Pine  Family. 

DIVISION  I.     Sepals  and  petals  both  present,  the  latter  not  united  into 

one  piece  (Polypetalous). 

A.     Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  ten. 
i.     Sepals  attached  below  the  seed-case  or  cases. 

(a)  Seed-cases  numerous,  but  clinging  together  in  a  solid  mass 
on  a  lengthened  receptacle.  Blossoms  one  and  one-half 
inches  or  more  across.  Petals  and  sepals  colored  alike. 
Sweet-Bay  in  Magnolia  Fam.  No.  2  (Magnoliaceae), 
page  36. 
(a)  Seed-cases  numerous,  separate,  concealed  in  an  urn-shaped 

or  cup-shaped  receptacle. 

(t)     Leaves   opposite,   entire.      Calycanthus    Fam.     No.    15 
(Calycanthaceae)  page  no. 
'9 


20  Guide 

(b}     Leaves  alternate,  toothed.     The  Rose  in  Rose  Fam.  No. 

14  (Rosaceae),  page  96. 

(a)     Seed-cases  more  than  one,  separate,  not  enclosed  in  the 
receptacle.       Rose  Fam.  (in  part)  No.   14  (Rosaceae), 
page  80,  seq. 
(a)     Seed-case,  one. 

(b}  Flowers  yellowish  ;  leaves  opposite,  edge  entire,  dotted 
(under  a  lens).  St-John's-wort  Fam.  No.  6  (Hyperi- 
caceae),  page  44. 

(b}  Flowers  white  or  pinkish  ;  leaves  alternate,  toothed. 
Plums  and  Cherries  in  Rose  Fam.  No.  14  (Rosa- 
ceae), pages  80-84. 

(b)     Flowers  bright-yellow,  small,  lasting  only  a  day  ;  leaves 
crowded,  scale-like   or  awl-shaped,    downy.     Hud- 
sonia  in  Rock-Rose  Fam.  No.  5  (Cistaceae),  page  42. 
2.     Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(a)     Seed-case  ten-celled,  with  one  seed  in  each  cell.     Shad- 
bush  in  Rose  Fam.  No.  14  (Rosaceae),  page  108. 
(a)     Seed-case   two-  to  five-celled.     Chokeberry  and   Haw   in 
Rose  Fam.  No.  14  (Rosaceae),  pages  100-104. 

B.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  to  them. 
(a)     Flowers  yellow  ;  seed-case  with  one  cell.     Barberry  Fam. 

No.  4  (Berberidaceae)  page  38. 

(a)     Flowers  greenish  ;  seed-case  with  two  to  four  cells.     Buck- 
thorn Fam.  No.  10  (Rhamnaceae),  page  61. 

C.  Stamens,  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ;  when  of 

just  the  number,  alternate  with  them. 
i.     Sepals  attached  below  the  seed-case  or  cases. 
(a)     Seed-cases,  two  or  more,  separate. 
(b)     Stamens  attached  to  the  receptacle. 

(f)     Flowers  greenish  or  whitish.     Rue  Fam.  No.  7  (Ru- 

taceae),  page  47. 
(f)     Flowers   brownish-purple.        Crowfoot    Fam.    No.    i 

(Ranunculaceae),  page  34. 
(£)     Stamens  attached  to  the  sepals.     Spiraea  in  Rose  Fam. 

No.  14  (Rosaceae),  page  86. 
(a)     Seed-case,  one. 

(6)     Seed-case  with  one  cell. 

(f)  Petal,  only  one  ;  flowers  violet  or  purple.  False 
Indigo  in  Pulse  Fam.  No.  13  (Leguminbsae), 
page  78. 


Flowers  21 

(f)  Petals,  five  and  equal ;  flowers  greenish-white  or  yel- 
lowish ;  seed,  one.  Sumach  Fam.  No.  12  (Anacar- 
diaceae),  page  70. 

(c)     Petals,  five  and  equal,  but  lasting  only  for  a  day  ;  flowers 
light-yellow  ;  seeds,  several.     Hudsonia  in  Rock- 
Rose  Fam.  No.  5  (Cistacese),  page  42. 
(f)     Petals,  five  and  equal ;  flowers  white  ;  seeds,  several. 
Itea   in  Saxifrage   Fam.    No.    16    (Saxifragaceae), 
page  112. 
(£)     Seed-case  with  two  to  several  cells. 

(f)     Flowers  irregular.     Rhododendron  in  Heath  Fam.  No. 

23  (Ericaceae),  page  178. 
(f)     Flowers  regular. 

(d)  Stamens,  two  (rarely  three  or  four) ;  petals,  four, 
barely  united  at  base.  Fringe  Tree  in  Olive 
Fam.  No.  24  (Oleaceae),  page  190. 

(d)     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals.     Maple  in 

Soapberry  Fam.  No.  n  (Sapindaceae),  page  66. 

(d)     Stamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

(e)     Seeds,  only  one  or  two  in  each  cell. 

(/)     Leaves  compound,  of  three  leaflets.     Hop  Tree 

in  Rue  Fam.  No.  7  (Rutaceae),  page  50. 
(_/")     Leaves  simple. 

(g)     Sepals    not   minute.      Euonymus   in   Staff- 
Tree  Fam.  No.  9  (Celastraceae),  page  58. 
(g]     Sepals  minute.     Holly  Fam.    No.  8  (Ilici- 

neae),  page  50. 
(e)     Seeds,  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 

(/)     Leaves  compound  and  opposite.     Bladder-Nut 
in   Soapberry  Fam.    No.  n  (Sapindaceae), 
page  68. 
(/)     Leaves  simple,  alternate. 

(g)     Edge   entire.     Ledum  in  Heath  Fam.  No. 

23  (Ericaceae),  page  186. 
(g)     Edge-toothed.     Clethra  in  Heath  Fam.  No. 

23  (Ericaceae),  page  188. 
Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case, 
z)     Young  seeds,  more  than  one  in  each  cell. 
(£)     Seed-case  with  one  cell ;  leaves  alternate.     Currant  and 
Gooseberry  in  Saxifrage  Fam.  No.  16  (Saxifragacese), 
page  114. 


22 


Guide 


(b)     Seed-case  with  two  to  several  cells  ;  leaves  opposite. 
(c)     Petals   rounded ;    stamens,   four   to   five,   very  short. 
Spindle-Tree   in   Staff-Tree   Fam.   No.   9  (Celas- 
traceae),  page  58. 

(c)     Petals    egg-shape ;    stamens,    eight    to   ten,    slender. 
Hydrangea  in  Saxifrage  Fam.  No.  16  (Saxifraga- 
ceae),  page  in. 
(a)     Young  seeds,  only  one  in  each  cell. 

(b)     Stamens,  ten  or  five  ;  leaves  simple.     Crataegus  in  Rose 

Fam.  No.  14  (Rosaceae),  page  103. 
(6)     Stamens,   four ;    flowers   dark-purple.     Spindle-Tree  in 

Staff-Tree  Fam.  No.  9  (Celastraceae),  page  58 
(b)     Perfect   stamens,  four ;    flowers    yellow.      Witch-Hazel 

Fam.  No.  17  (Hamamelidese),  page  118. 
(b)     Stamens,  four ;  flowers  white.     Dogwood  Fam.  No.   19 

(Cornaceae),  page  124. 
(b)     Stamens,  five ;    leaves   compound.       Angelica   Tree   in 

Ginseng  Fam.  No.   18  (Araliaceae),  page  122. 

DIVISION  II.     Sepals  and  petals  both  present  ;  the  latter  more  or  less 
united  into  one  piece  (Gamopetalous). 

A.  Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  united  petals.     Heath  Fam. 

No.  23  (Ericaceae),  page  155. 

B.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  united  petals,  and  alternate 

with  them,  or  fewer. 

1.  Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(a)  Flowers  in  few-  to  many-blossomed  heads,  tubular,  some 
with  stamens  only,  others  with  pistils  only  ;  leaves 
alternate,  or,  in  Iva,  the  lower  ones  opposite.  Iva  and 
Groundsel  Tree  in  Composite  Fam.  No.  22  (Com- 
positae),  page  154. 

(a)  Flowers  not  crowded  in  round  balls  ;  leaves  opposite. 
Honeysuckle  Fam.  No.  20  (Caprifoliaceae),  page  130. 

(a)  Flowers  crowded  in  round  balls  ;  leaves  opposite.  Button- 
bush  in  Madder  Fam.  No.  21  (Rubiaceae),  page  152. 

2.  Sepals  not  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(a)     Corolla  somewhat    irregular.      Rhododendron   in    Heath 

Fam.  No.  23  (Ericaceae),    page  178. 
(a)     Corolla  regular. 

(b)     Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  united  petals. 

(c)     Stamens  free  from  the  petals  but  inserted  with  them  ; 
style  one.  Heath  Fam.  No.  23  (Ericaceae),  page  155. 


Flowers  23 

(c]  Stamens  attached  to  the  base  of  the  barely  united 
petals  ;  style  none  or  very  short.  Holly  Fam.  No. 
8  (Ilicineae),  page  50. 

(£)     Stamens  fewer  than  the  four  barely  united,  strap-like 
petals  (rarely  of  the  same  number).     Fringe  Tree  in 
Olive  Fam.  No.  24  (Oleaceae),  page  190. 
DIVISION  III.     Petals  (and  sometimes  sepals)  wanting  (apetalous). 

A.  Flowers  not  in  slender,  drooping,  and  scaly  clusters,  nor  in  scaly 

heads. 
(a)     Seed-cases  three  to   five  and   separate.     Prickly  Ash  in 

Rue  Fam.  No.  7  (Rutaceae),  page  47. 
(a)     Seed-case  one. 

(6)     Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(f)     Parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees.     Mistletoe  Fam. 

No.  28  (Loranthaceae),  page  199. 

(f)  Not  parasitic  ;  flowers  small,  greenish,  in  short  spikes. 
Oil-Nut  in  Sandalwood  Fam.  No.  29  (Santala- 
cese),  page  200. 

(£)     Sepals  not  attached  to  the  seed-case,  but  surrounding  it ; 
flowers  small  yellowish  ;  leaves  scurfy.     Shepherdia 
in  Oleaster  Fam.  No.  27  (Elaeagnaceae),  page  198. 
(£)     Sepals  sometimes  wanting ;    when   present   plainly   not 

attached  to  the  seed-case. 
(c)     Young  seeds,  two  in  each  cell.     Maple  in  Soapberry 

Fam.  No.  1 1  (Sapindaceae),  page  66. 
(f)     Young  seeds,  one  in  each  cell. 

(</)     Cells   of  seed-case  three  to  nine ;   leaves  narrow, 
heath-like.     Crow-Berry   Fam.   No.   33  (Empe- 
traceae),  page  226. 
(d)     Cells  of  seed-case  three  ;  leaves  broad.     Buckthorn 

Fam.  No.  10  (Rhamnaceae),  page  61. 
(</)     Cells  of  seed-case  one. 

(e)  Flowers  light-yellow  ;  three  or  four  in  a  simple 
cluster.  Leatherwood  in  Daphne  Fam.  No.  26 
(Thymelaceae),  page  196. 

(e)  Flowers  light-yellow,  many  in  a  compound  cluster. 
Spice-bush  in  Laurel  Fam.  No.  25  (Lauraceae), 
page  194. 

B.  Flowers  in  slender,   drooping,  and  scaly  clusters,  or  in  scaly 

heads,  and  of  two    sorts,  with    stamens  only  (staminate), 
and  with  pistils  only  I  pistillate). 


24  Guide 

(a)  Seed-cases  two-  to  seven-celled,  with  one  or  two  young 
seeds  in  each  cell ;  in  fruit  one-celled  and  one-seeded  ; 
staminate  flowers  mostly  in  slender,  drooping,  and 
scaly  clusters.  Oak  Fam.  No.  31  (Cupuliferae)  page  206. 

(a)  Seed-case  one-celled  with  many  young  seeds  ;  in  fruit  one- 
celled  and  many-seeded ;  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  mostly  in  lengthened  and  scaly  clusters.  Willow 
Fam.  No.  32  (Salicaceae),  page  220. 

(a)  Seed-case  one-celled,  with  one  young  seed  ;  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  mostly  in  scaly  heads  ;  leaves  fragrant 
when  crushed.  Sweet-Gale  Fam.  No.  30  (Myricaceae) 
page  202. 

CLASS  SECOND. — Young  seeds  not  enclosed  in  seed-cases ; 
(Gymnospermae)  ;  leaves  needle-shaped  or  line-like. 
Juniper  and  Yew  in  Pine  Fam.  No.  34  (Coniferae) 
pages  230,  232. 


GUIDE  II. 

LEAVES. 

A,  Leaves  simple.* 

I.  Alternate. 

(a)     Edge  entire.     Go  to  i. 
(a)         "     toothed.     Go  to  2. 
(a)         "     lobed. 

(6)     Lobes  entire.     Go  to  3. 

(b)         "      toothed.     Go  to  4. 

II.  Opposite. 

(a)     Edge  entire.     Go  to  5. 
(a)         "     toothed.     Go  to  6. 
(a)         "     lobed. 

(t>]     Lobes  entire.     Go  to  7. 

(b)         "      toothed.     Go  to  8. 

III.  Indeterminate  (because  of  smallness  or  closeness),     Go  to  9. 

B.  Leaves  compound. 

I.  Feather-shaped. 
(a)     Alternate. 

(£)     Edge  of  leaflets  entire.     Go  to  10. 
(£)         "  "        toothed.     Go  to  n. 

(a)     Opposite. 

(b}     Edge  of  leaflets  entire.     Go  to  12. 
(b)         "  "        toothed.     Go  to  13. 

II.  Hand-shaped.     Go  to  14. 

*  The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple  leaf  by  the 
absence  of  leaf- buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 


Guide 
GUIDE  II. 

LEAVES —  Continued. 


form. 


NOTE. — Names  in  italics  are  also  given  elsewhere   under  the   more   frequent 


Sweet-Bay,  page  36. 

Papaw,  page  38. 

Mountain  Holly,  page  56. 

Cornel,  alternate  leaves,  page  127. 

Groundsel  Tree,  page  154. 

Genus  Gaylussacia  (Huckleberries 
and  Dangleberries),  excepting 
Box  Huckleberry,  page  204. 

Genus  Vaccinium  (Blueberries  and 
Bilberries),  excepting  Dwarf 
Blueberry  and  some  Bilberries, 
page  162. 

Genus  Andromeda,  page  166. 

Leather-leaf,  page  171. 

Mountain  Laurel,  page  174. 

Genus  Rhododendron  (Azaleas, 
etc.),  excepting  Sweet  Pepper- 
bush,  page  182. 

Leatherwood,  page  196. 

Daphne,  page  198. 

Shepherdia,  page  198. 

Buffalo-Nut,  page  200. 

Bayberry,  page  202. 

Willows  in  part,  page  220. 


Barberry  (thorny),  page  38. 
Ilex  monticola,  G.,  page  52. 
Winterberry,  page  52. 
Inkberry  (toothed   toward  apex), 
page  54. 


Mt.  Holly,  page  56. 

Buckthorns,  page  61. 

New  Jersey  Tea  (strongly  three- 
ribbed),  page  64 

Ceanbthus,  narrow-leaved  (strong- 
ly three-ribbed),  page  64. 

Genus  Prunus  (Plum,  Cherry,  etc.), 
page  81. 

Genus  Spiraea  (Spiraeas),  page 
86. 

Genus  Pyrus  (Chokeberry,  etc.), 
page  100. 

Genus  Crataegus  in  part  (Thorns), 
page  104. 

Genus  Amelanchier  (Shad-bush), 
page  1 08. 

Itea,  page  112. 

Witch-Hazel  (teeth  large  and 
rounded),  page  118. 

Groundsel  Tree  (teeth  large  and 
remote),  page  154. 

Dwarf  Huckleberry,  page  158. 

Box  Huckleberry,  page  159. 

Dwarf  Blueberry  and  var.,  page  162. 

Low  Blueberry,  page  163. 

Some  Bilberries,  page  164. 

Privet  Andromeda,  page  169. 

Leucbthoe,  page  169. 

Leather- Leaf  ,  page  171. 

Sweet  Pepper-Bush,  page  188. 

Spice-Bush,  page  194. 

Genus  Myrica  (Sweet  Fern,  etc., 
foliage  fragrant),  page  205. 


Leaves 


27 


Family  Cupuliferae  (Birch,  Alder, 
Hazel-nut,  Hornbeam,  Oak, 
Chestnut),  except  Bear  Oak, 
page  206. 

Willows  in  part,  page  220. 


Oak,  Bear,  page  218. 


Sweet-scented  Shrub,  page  no. 

Hydrangea,  page  in. 

Hobble-Bush,  page  134. 

Genus  Vibtirnum,  in  part  (Downy 
Viburnum,  Arrow-wood,  Soft 
Viburnum,  Black  Haw,  V.  nb- 
dum,  V.  cassinbides},  page  140. 

Bush  Honeysuckle,  page  150. 

Marsh  Elder,  page  154. 


Nine-bark,  page  88. 
Raspberry,  Flowering,  page  90. 
Genus  Cratasgus  (in  part  Thorns), 

page  104. 
Genus  Ribes  (Gooseberries),  page 

114. 


St.-John's-worts  (leaves   minutely 

dotted)  page  44. 
Genus  Cornus  (Cornels)  excepting 

C.  alternifolia,  page  126. 
Vibtirnum  nudum,  page  140. 

'          cassinoides,  page   142. 
Snowberry,  page  144. 
Wolf  berry,  page  144. 
Indian  Currant,  page  146. 
Genus   Lonicera  (Honeysuckles), 

page  148 

Button-Bush,  page  152. 
Genus  Kalmia(  Laurels),  page  174. 
Fringe-Tree,  page  190. 
Privet,  page  190. 
Mistletoe,  page  199. 
Juniper  (in  threes,   needle-like), 

page  230 


Burning-Bush,  page  58. 
Strawberry- Bush,  page  60. 


Sweet  fern,  page  205. 


Mt.  Maple,  page  66. 

Genus  Viburnum  in  part  (Cran- 
berry Tree,  Dockmackie,  Few- 
flowered  Viburnum),  page  134. 


Hudsonias,  page  42. 

Broom  Crow-Berry,  page  226. 

Black  Crow-Berry,  page  228. 

Juniper,  page  230. 

Yew,  American,  page  232. 


Prickly  Ash,  page  47. 
Trefoil  Shrubby,  page  50. 
Ivy,  Poison,  page  76. 
Indigo,  False,  page  78. 
Lead  Plant,  page  78. 


Shrub  Yellow-Root,  page  34. 
Prickly  Ash,  page  47. 
Trefoil  Shrubby,  page  50. 
Sumachs,  page  70. 
Ivy  Poison,  page  76. 


28 


Guide 


Genus  Rubus  (Raspberries,  Black-  13 

berries,  etc.),  except  Flowering  XT       .  ,  . 

Bladder-Nut  (three  leaflets),  page 
Raspberry,  page  92. 

Genus  R6sa  (Rose),  page  98. 
Angelica  Tree,  page  122 


Elders,  page  130. 


12 

Nothing 


14 

Nothing 


• 


GUIDE  III. 

FRUIT. 

CLASS  I. — Fruit  releasing  the  ripened  seed  by  decaying: 

A.  Fleshy  or  pulpy,  with  one  or  more  seeds. 

(a)  Seeds,  two  or  more,  and  in  distinct  cells  (Apple,  Shad- 
bush).  A  pome.  Go  to  i. 

(a)  Seed,  one  to  many,  not  in  distinct  cells  (Huckleberry). 
A  berry.  Go  to  2. 

B.  Fleshy  (or  sometimes  nearly  dry),  with  one  or  more  "  stones." 

A  drupe  or  an  etaerio. 
(a)     Solitary,  with  one  or  in  Papaw  with  several  large  stones 

(Cherry,  Papaw).     Go  to  3. 
(a)     Solitary,  with  one  to  several  small  stones  (Sumach).       Go 

to  4. 
(a)     Clustered  on  one  receptacle,  each  drupelet  with  one  small 

stone  (Raspberry).     Go  to  5. 

C.  Not   fleshy,    with   one    or    in    the    "  samara "    sometimes    two 

ripened  seeds 
(a)     The  coat  dry,  tipped  with  the  remains  of  the  style,  and  free 

from    but    enclosing  its  one    small    seed  (Groundsel 

Tree).     An  achenium.     Go  to  6. 
(a)     The  coat,  a  thin  membrane  forming  a  "  wing  "  around  or 

at  the  sides  of  the  fruit  (Trefoil  Maple).     A  samara. 

Go  to  7. 
(a)     The  coat  a  cup,  a  wrap,  or   a   scale   (Acorn,  Hazel-nut, 

Alder).     A  glans,  a  nut,  or  a  nutlet.     Go  to  8. 
29 


Guide 


CLASS  II. — Fruit    releasing    the    ripened    seeds  by  split- 
ting: 

(a)  Splitting  on  one  side,  one-celled  (Spiraea,  Shrub  Yellow- 
Root).  A  follicle.  Go  to  9. 

(a)  Splitting  on  two  sides,  one-celled,  with  seeds  in  one  row 
(False  Indigo).  A  legume.  Go  to  10. 

(a)  Any  form  of  dry  fruit  that  splits  up  and  down,  and  is  not 
otherwise  named.  A  capsule.  Go  to  n. 

(a)  A  cone-shaped  aggregation  of  capsules  (Sweet-Bay).  A 
cone  of  capsules.  Go  to  12. 

NOTE. — Names  in  italics  are  repetitions  made  because  of  real  or  apparent  resem- 
blance to  the  class  with  which  they  are  placed. 

i  Deerberry     (many-seeded),    page 

1 60. 

Bilberries  (many-seeded)  page  164. 
Privet  (two  to  four-seeded)  page 

190. 

Shepherdia  (one  seed),  page  198. 
Mistletoe  (one  seed),  page  199. 
Yew  (red,  one  seed),  page  232. 
Juniper  (one  to  three  seeds)  page 

230. 


Roses   (apparently    pomes 

acheniums),  page  80. 
Chokeberry,  page  100. 
Dogberry,  page  102. 
Thorns  (Cratsfegus),  page  104. 
Shad-Bush,  page  108. 
Sweet-scented  Shrub,  page  no. 


really 


Barberry  (oblong,  red,  one  to  few- 
seeded),  page  38. 

Gooseberries,  page  114. 

Currants,  page  118. 

Elders  (three-seeded),  page  130. 

Snowberries  (snow  -  white,  two- 
seeded),  page  144. 

Wolfberry  (white,  two-seeded, 
page  144. 

Indian  Currant  (dark-red,  two- 
seeded),  page  146. 

Fly  Honeysuckles  (several  seeded), 
page  146. 

Huckleberries  (ten-seeded),  page 
156. 

Blueberries  (many -seeded),  page 
162. 


Papaw,  page  38. 
Plums,  page  81. 
Choke-Cherry,  page  84. 
Viburnums,  page  136. 
Fringe- Tree,  page  190. 
Spice-Bush,  page  194. 
Leatherwood,  page  196. 
Daphne,  page  198. 
Buffalo-Nut,  page  200. 


Ilexes  (stones  four  to  eight),  page 

54- 

Mt.    Holly   (stones  four  to   five), 
page  56. 


Fruit 


Buckthorns  (stones  two  to  three), 

page  61. 

Sumachs  (stone  one)page  70. 
Ivies  (stone  one)  page  76. 
Thorns  (Crataegus,  stones  one  to 

five),  page  104. 
Angelica  Tree  (stones  five),  page 

122. 

Dogwoods  (Cornels,  stones  two), 

page  126. 

Viburnums  (stone  one),  page  134. 
Fringe-Tree  (stone  one),  page  190. 
Mistletoe  (stone  one),  page  199. 
Sweet-Gale  (stone  one),  page  204. 
Bayberry  (stone  one),  page  202. 
Sweet- Fern  (stone  one),  page  205. 
Broom  Crow-Berry  (minute  stones 

three  to  four),  page  226. 
Black  Crow-Berry   (stones   six  to 

nine),  page,  228. 
American  Yew   (red,  stone  one), 

page  232. 


Raspberries,  page  90. 
Thimbleberry,  page  92. 
Blackberries,  page  94. 


Roses  (apparently  a  pome),  page 

80. 
Sweet-scented  Shrub    (apparently 

a  pome),  page  no. 
Marsh  Elder,  page  154. 
Groundsel  Tree,  page  154. 
Shepherdia  (apparently  a  berry), 

page  198. 


Shrubby  Trefoil,  page  50. 
Mountain  Maple,  page  60. 


8 

Birches   (scale-like  nutlets),  page 

206. 
Alders    (scale-like    nutlets),   page 

209. 

Hazel-nuts,  page  212. 
Hornbeam,  page  214. 
Oak,  page  206. 
Dwarf  Chestnut,  page  218. 


Shrub,  Yellow- Root,  page  34. 
Spiraeas,  page  86. 
Nine-Bark,  page  88. 


Hudsonias    (two    to    six-seeded), 

page  42. 
Prickly  Ash  (one  to  two-seeded), 

page  47. 
False   Indigo   (two-seeded),  page 

78. 
Lead-Plant  (one-seeded),  page  78. 


St.-John's-worts  (one  to  five-celled, 
many-seeded),  page  44. 

Prickly  Ash,  (one-celled,  one  to 
two-seeded),  page  47. 

Burning-Bush  (three  to  five-celled, 
few-seeded),  page  58. 

Strawberry-Bush  (three  to  five- 
celled,  few-seeded),  page  60. 

Bladder-Nut  (three-celled,  three  to 
twelve-seeded),  page  68. 

New  Jersey  Tea  (three-celled, 
three-seeded),  page  64. 

Narrow-leaved  Ceanothus  (three- 
celled,  three-seeded ),  page  64. 


Guide 


Wild  Hydrangea  (two-beaked, 
two-celled  in  lower  part,  many- 
seeded),  page  in. 

Itea  (two-celled,  eight  to  twelve- 
seeded),  page  112. 

Witch-hazel  (two-celled,  two- 
seeded),  page  118. 

Bush  Honeysuckle  (two,  appar- 
ently four-celled,  many-seeded), 
page  150. 

Button-Bush  (two-  to  four-celled, 
two-  to  four-seeded),  page  152. 

Andromedas  (five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  166. 

Leucbthoe  (five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  169. 


Leather-Leaf,  five-celled,  many- 
seeded)  page  171. 

Laurels  (Kalmia,  five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  174. 

Rhododendrons  (five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  182. 

Labrador  Tea  (five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  186. 

Sweet  Pepper-Bush  (three-celled, 
many-seeded),  page  188. 

Willows  (one-celled, many-seeded), 
page  220. 


Sweet-Bay,  page  36. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SHRUBS 

(With  Illustrations) 


CLASS  FIRST 

(Angiospe'rnuz) 


Division  I 

PETALS   MOSTLY   NOT    UNITED 
(Polyptialous) 


I.  Family  RANUNCULACE^.     (Crowfoot   Fam.) 
Genus  XANTHORHIZA.     (Marshall.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "yellow"   and  "root." 

Fig.  i.— Shrub  Yellow-Root.    X.  apiifblia,  L'ffer, 

Flowers,  small,  dark  purple,  in  slender  drooping  clusters, 
appearing  with  the  leaves.  Petals,  five,  not  united, 
much  smaller  than  the  five  sepals,  slightly  two-lobed, 
raised  on  a  claw.  Stamens,  five  to  ten.  Seed-cases, 
free  from  the  sepals. 

Leaves,  once  or  twice  compound  (odd-feathered).  Leaflets, 
three  to  five,  stemless,  lobed  and  toothed,  and  two  to 
three  inches  in  length. 

Bark  and  Roots,  bitter,  deep  yellow. 

Fruit,  in  clusters,  oblong,  one-celled,  one-seeded  ;  splitting 
once  lengthwise ;  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  long  ; 
a  follicle. 

Found,  along  shady  banks  of  streams  in  Pennsylvania 
Southwestern  New  York,  and  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward among  the  mountains. 

A  bushy  plant,  two  to  three  feet  high.     A  yellow  dye 
is  made  from  its  roots. 

34 


X 


Fig.  I.— Shrub    Yellow-Root.     (Xanthorhlza     apiifolia,    L'Her.)    Leaf,   and 
spray  of  flowers  with  young  leaf. 


36  Magnolia  (  Magnoliacecz) 

2.   Family  MAGNOLlACE^.     (Magnolia  Fam.) 
Genus  MAGNOLIA,  L.     (Magnolia.) 

From  "  Magnol,"  the  name  of  a  botanist  of  the  iyth  century. 

Fig.  2. — Sweet-Bay.    Swamp  Laurel.    Small  Magnolia. 

M.  Virgini&na,  L.     ( M.  glauca,  L.) 

Flowers,  solitary,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  two  to 
three  inches  across,  white,  very  fragrant.  Petals,  six 
to  nine,  not  united.  Sepals,  three,  colored  like  the 
petals.  Stamens,  more  than  ten.  Seed-cases,  many, 
free  from  the  sepals,  mostly  clinging  together  over 
the  lengthened  receptacle.  June  to  August. 
Leaves,  three  to  six  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  edge 
entire,  thick  and  smooth,  dark-green  and  polished 
above,  white  below,  the  mid-vein  green  and  distinct, 
the  side  veins  indistinct. 

Bark,  smoothish,  light-gray,  aromatic,  and  bitter. 
Fruit,  an  oblong  cone,  fleshy  or  somewhat  woody,  red. 
When  mature  the  cells  of  this  "  cone"  split,  and  the 
enclosed  bright-red  seeds  (one  or  two  to  each  cell) 
drop    out    and    hang   suspended    by    delicate    spiral 
threads.     An  aggregation  of  capsules.     September. 
Found,  in  swampy  ground,  from  Massachusetts  southward, 

oftenest  near  the  coast. 

A  bush,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree,  four  to  twenty-five 
feet  high.  Southward  it  is  often  still  higher,  and  its 
leaves  are  evergreen.  All  parts  of  the  bush,  as  in  the 
other  magnolias,  have  an  intensely  bitter  aromatic  juice. 
44  The  fresh  bark  has  long  been  considered  as  a  bitter, 
aromatic  tonic  and  gentle  laxative."  "  The  bark,  cones,  and 
seeds  have  been  used  medicinally  from  the  time  of  the 
aborigines,  especially  against  rheumatism  and  as  an  anti- 
periodic."  In  wet  ground  it  can  be  successfully  cultivated. 


Fig.  2.— Sweet-Bay.    (M.  Virginiana,  L.)    (a)  Flower.     (3)  Fruit. 


3$  Papaw  (Anonacece) 

3.   Family  ANONACE^.     (Papaw  Fam.) 

Genus  ASIMINA,  ADAMS.     (Papaw.) 
Fig.  3.— Papaw  Custard-Apple.    A.  triloba  (L.),  Dunal. 

Flowers,  one  and  a  half  inches  across ;  dull  purple,  in 
sessile  blossom,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  Petals, 
six,  thick,  in  two  rows,  not  united.  Sepals,  three. 
Stamens,  numerous  in  a  rounded  mass.  Seed-cases, 
few,  free  from  the  sepals.  March,  April. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edge  entire,  five  to  ten  inches 
long,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed  or  some- 
times rounded.  Base,  taper-pointed,  or  slightly 
rounded ;  thin,  rusty-downy  when  young,  soon  be- 
coming smooth  and  polished. 

Bark,  silvery-gray,  smooth  and  polished ;  young  shoots 
downy. 

Fruit,  about  three  inches  long  by  one  and  one  half  inches 
thick,  egg-shape,  yellow,  pulpy,  about  ten-seeded  ;  of 
disagreeable  odor  when  green  ;  sweet  and  edible  after 
frost,  when  it  turns  black  without,  and  within  soon 
becomes  in  color  and  consistency  almost  custard- 
like.  October. 

Found,  from  western  New  York  to  Southern  Iowa,  and 
southward. 

A  bush  or  small  tree  of  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised ; 
densely  clothed  with  long  leaves. 

4.  Family  BERBERIDACE^E.      (Barberry  Fam.) 
Genus  BEKBERIS,  L.     (Barberry.) 

From  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit. 

Fig.  4.— Barberry.     B.  vulg&ris,  L. 

Flowers,  yellow,  drooping,  in  many-blossomed  clusters. 
Petals,  six,  not  united,  reverse  egg-shape,  concave-, 


39 


Fig.  3.— Papaw.      A.  triloba  (L.),  Dunal. 
(a)  Flower.        (b)  Fruit,    two-thirds   natural   size. 


40  Barberry  (  Berberidacece) 

with  two  glandular  spots  on  the  inside  of  each  near 
the  base.  Sepals,  six  (with  two  to  six  small  bracts 
beneath),  rounded,  attached  beneath  the  seed-case. 
Stamens,  six,  irritable,  opposite  the  petals.  Seed- 
case,  one,  free.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate  or  often   clustered  in  rosettes  ; 
edge  finely  toothed,  each  tooth  tipped  with  a  delicate 
bristle  ;  sour.      On  the  new  shoots  the  leaves  often 
take  the  form  of  branching  spines. 
Wood  and  inner  bark  yellow. 

Fruit,  in  drooping  clusters,  scarlet,  oblong,  with  one  to 
few  seeds ;  edible,  but  too  acid  to  be  agreeable  ex- 
cepting in  "  preserve  "  ;  a  berry.  September. 
Found  in  thickets  in  fields  and  along  roadsides  ;  abun- 
dantly in  New  England,  where  it  has  become 
thoroughly  naturalized  since  its  introduction  from 
Europe,  less  commonly  elsewhere. 

A  curious  thorny  bush,  three  to  eight  feet  high,  with 
bluish-green  foliage,  attractive  in  flower  and  more  attrac- 
tive in  fruit.  The  bark  and  roots,  used  with  alum,  yield 
a  yellow  dye. 

In  some  regions,  an  old  opinion  is  said  still  to  linger, 
— that  the  presence  of  the  barberry  causes  blight  in  the 
grain  field. 

There  is  a  curious  fact  reported  concerning  the  flowers 
which  is  suggestive  of  human  nerves.  When  not  "  doc- 
tored," the  least  touch  upon  one  of  their  stamens  will 
cause  it  to  spring  like  a  tiny  thread  of  steel,  but  treat  the 
bush  with  laudanum  or  any  opiate  and  the  stamens  be- 
come limp,  or  with  a  poison  like  arsenic  and  they  become 
rigid,  as  wholly  irresponsive  in  either  case  as  would  be  a 
human  nerve. 


Fig.  4.— Barberry.    (B.  vulgaris,  L.)    («)  Fruit. 

5- — Hudsdnia.    (H.  tomentdsa,  Nutt.)    («)  Flowering  braD^-h.    (b)  Section  of 
flower,  enlarged. 


42  Rock-rose  (Cistacece) 

The  peculiar  spring  arrangement  of  the  stamens  helps 
to  secure  the  desirable  cross-fertilization  of  the  flower. 
The  honey  being  between  the  base  of  the  stamens 
and  the  seed-case,  when  an  insect  in  searching  for  the 
sweets  touches  a  stamen  he  "springs"  it.  Thereupon  he 
receives  a  smart  rap  and  a  dusting  from  the  pollen-covered 
anther,  and  so  is  frightened  away  to  other  flowers. 

5.  Family  CISTACE^.     (Rock-rose  Fam.) 
Genus  HuDs6NiA,  L.     (Hudsonia.) 

From  the  name  of  an  early  English  botanist. 

Fig.  5. — Hudsdnia.     H.  tomentbsa,  Nutt. 

Flowers,  bright-yellow,  small,  with  stalks  sometimes  pres- 
ent and  short,  but  usually  wanting,  crowded  along 
the  upper  parts  of  the  branches.  Petals,  five,  not 
united,  lasting  only  for  a  day.  Sepals,  five,  two  of 
them  minute,  and  all  of  them  much  smaller  than  the 
petals.  Stamens,  nine  to  thirty.  Style,  long  and 
slender.  Seed-case,  one,  free,  with  one  cell  and  two 
to  six  seeds.  May  to  June. 

Leaves,  scale-like,  about  one  twelfth  of  an  inch  long, 
closely  pressed  to  the  branches  and  covering  them, 
downy  and  whitish. 

Fruit,  oblong,  one-celled,  two-  to  six-seeded,  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  A  pod. 

Found,  on  sandy  shores  from  Maine  to  Maryland  and  along 
the  great  lakes  westward  to  Minnesota. 

A  very  bushy  heath-like  little  shrub,  usually  less  than 
one  foot  high,  and  oftenest  found  growing  in  thick,  matted 
patches. 


d', 


Fig.  6.— St.-Peter's-wort.     (A.  stans,  Michx.) 
Fig.  7. — Shrubby  St.-John's-wort,  L.      (Hypericum  prolificum,  L.) 


44        St. -Johns-wort  (Hypericacecz) 

Hudsonia.     H.  ericbides,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items : 

Flowers,  on  smooth  slender  stalks. 

Leaves,  greenish,  one  sixth  to  one  third  of  an  inch  long, 
and  spreading  from  the  branch. 

Found,  along  the  coast  from  Maine  to  Virginia. 

6.  Family  HYPERICACE^.     (St-John's-wort  Fam.) 

Flowers,  yellow.  Petals,  four  or  five,  not  united.  Sepals,  four  or  five. 
Stamens,  many.  Seed-case,  one,  free,  one-  to  five-celled  ;  many- 
seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  dotted  when  held  to  the  light  or  under 
the  lens.  Stipules,  none. 

Fruit,  dry,  one-  to  five-celled,  splitting  lengthwise,  a  many-seeded 
capsule. 

A  GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Petals,  four  ;  Sepals  four,  in  very  unequal  pairs,     (i)  Ascyrum  (St.  Peter' s-wort.) 
"       five  ;       "       five,  alike  (2)  Hypericum  (St.  John's-wort. 

(i)  Genus  ASCYRUM,  L.     (St.  Peter's-wort.) 

From  two  Greek  terms  meaning  "  without  "  and  "  roughness." 
Fig.  6. — St.-Peter's-wort.     A.  stans,  Michx. 

Flowers,  usually  three  together,  showy,  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.  Petals,  reverse  egg-shape  ;  the  two  larger 
sepals  round,  about  one  half  inch  across  ;  the  smaller 
ones  lance-shaped.  Styles,  three  or  four.  Seed-case, 
with  one  cell.  June  to  August : 

Leaves,  ten  twelfths  to  one  and  one  fourth  inches  long, 
one  third  as  wide,  stemless,  rather  thick,  oval  or  ob- 
long, somewhat  clasping  around  the  branch. 


St.-John  s-wort  ( Hyper icacece)         45 

Branches,  two-edged,  erect. 

Fruit,  splitting  into  two  to  four  pieces. 

Found,  in  pine  barrens  from  Long  Island  to  Pennsylvania 
and  southward. 

A  small,  stout  shrub,  with  stem  erect  and  straight,  one 
to  two  feet  high,  and  branching  above. 

Saint  Andrew's  Cross.     A.  Crux- Andrea,  L. 
Flowers,  one  to  three  in  a  leafy  cluster  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.     Petals,  oblong.       Outer  sepals,  oval  and 
twice  as    long    as   the    flower-stem,   the    inner    ones 
minute.     Styles,  two.      Seed-case,  with  one  cell. 

Leaves,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  stemless,  thin,  narrowly 
reverse  egg-shape,  narrowed  to  the  base.  Branches 
two-edged  toward  their  ends,  drooping. 

Fruit,  splitting  into  two  to  four  pieces. 

Found,  in  Nantucket,  and  from  the  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  westward  and  southward. 

A  drooping  shrub,  one  to  two  feet  high,  with  many 
branches. 

(2)   Genus  HYPERICUM,  Tourn.      (St.-John's-wort.) 

In  the  old  mythology  the  St.-John's-wort  was  dedicated 
to-Baldur,  the  Sun  God,  on  account  of  its  golden  flowers. 
When  the  old  religion  gave  way  to  Christianity,  Baldur's 
Day  became  St.-John's-day,  and  Baldur's  flower  St.  John's 
flower. 

The  genus  was  once  in  high  repute  for  its  supposed 
ability  to  guard  against  evil  spirits,  and  for  other  magical 
powers.  On  this  account  the  various  species  were  often 
planted  around  dwellings.  In  Scotland  the  plant  is  said 
still  to  be  carried  as  a  charm  ;  and  in  France  and  Germany, 


46        St. -Johns-wort  (  Hypericacecz) 

on  the  day  of  the  nativity  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  the 
peasantry  trim  their  homes  with  it  in  honor  of  the  saint, 
and  to  gain  his  favor. 

"  I  must  gather  the  mystic  St.-John's-wort  to-night, 
The  wonderful  herb  whose  leaf  will  decide 
If  the  coming  year  shall  make  me  a  bride." 

Translated  from  the  German. 

"  Trefoil,  Vervain,  J^ohn' s-wort,  Dill, 
Hinder  witches  of  their  will." 

Fig.  7.— Shrubby  St.-John's-wort.    H.  prolificum,  L. 

Flowers,  orange-yellow,  three  quarters  of  an  inch  across, 
crowded  in  simple  or  compound  leafy  clusters. 
Stamens,  very  numerous.  Seed-case,  three-celled. 
Styles,  three  more  or  less  united.  July,  August. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  narrow ; 
edge  often  wavy ;  apex  usually  obtuse ;  base  nar- 
rowed. 

Branchlets,  two-edged. 

Fruit,  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  to  Michigan  and  southward. 
A  very  ornamental  little  shrub,  usually  two  to  four 

feet  in  height,  but  variable  in  size. 

Hyp6ricum  densifldrum.    Pursh. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items : 
Flowers,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  in 

crowded  compound  clusters. 
Leaves,  about  one  inch  in  length. 
Fruit,  one  third  to  one  quarter  inch  in  length. 
Found,  from  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky 
and  Arkansas,  and  southward. 


R^LC  ( Riitacece)  47 

Kalm's  St.-John's-wort.     H.  Kalmianum,  L. 
Flowers,  one  inch  across,  three  to  seven  in  a  close  cluster. 

Styles,  five.     Seed-case,  five-celled. 
Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  crowded  and  narrow. 

Branches,  somewhat  four-sided,  with  two  of  the  edges 
slightly  winged. 

Fruit,  egg-shape. 

Found,  on  wet  rocks  at  Niagara  Falls,  and  among  the 
northern  lakes. 

7.   Family  RUTACE^.     (Rue  Fam.) 

Flowers,  small,  greenish-white,  in  clusters  ;  sometimes  taking  the  stam- 
inate  and  the  pistillate  forms  on  different  shrubs.  Petals,  three  to 
five,  not  united.  Sepals,  three  to  five,  or  wanting.  Stamens,  in 
the  staminate  flowers,  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with 
them  ;  in  the  pistillate  flowers,  either  imperfect  or  wanting.  Seed- 
cases,  one  to  five,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate,  dotted  when  held  to  the  light ;  edge  of 
leaflets  entire  or  nearly  so.  Stipules,  none. 

Bark,  pungent  or  bitter. 

Fruit,  one-  to  two-seeded,  one-celled,  splitting  into  two  pieces,  thick 
and  fleshy,  a  fleshy  pod  ;  or  two-celled,  two-seeded,  thin,  and 
winged  all  around  ;  a  samara. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Stems  prickly  ;  Seed-cases  three  to  five,  separate.         (i)  Xanthoxylum  (Prickly  Ash). 
Stems  not  prickly  ;  Seed-case,  one  with  two  cells.         (2)  Ptelea  (Shrubby  Trefoil). 

(i)  Genus  XANTHOXYLUM,  L.     (Prickly  Ash.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "yellow  "  and  "  wood." 

Fig.  8.  Northern  Prickly  Ash.    Toothache  Tree. 

X.  Americanum,  Mill. 

Flowers,  in  small,  dense  clusters  at  the  sides  of  the 
branches,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  and  sometimes 
taking  the  pistillate  form  on  one  tree,  and  the  stam- 
inate on  another.  Petals,  four  to  five.  Sepals,  four 


48  Rue  (Rutacece) 

to  five,  or  obsolete.  Seed-cases,  three  to  five,  separate, 
but  with  their  slender  styles  more  or  less  united. 
April,  May. 

Leaves,  alternate.  Leaflets,  in  two  to  four  pairs,  with  an 
odd  one  at  the  end  ;  edges  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  sur- 
face smooth  above  (or  when  young,  downy),  downy 

beneath. 

Branches,  and  often  the  leaf-stalks  armed  with  short, 
stout,  brown  prickles. 

Fruit,  thick  and  fleshy,  one-celled,  splitting  lengthwise 
into  two  parts ;  one-  to  two-seeded.  Seeds,  black, 
smooth,  and  shining. 

Found,  in  rocky  woods,  and  along  river  banks ;  often 
forming  thickets  ;  common,  especially  northward. 

A  shrub  four  to  twelve  feet  high,  or  in  cultivation 
sometimes  twenty  feet  high.  All  its  parts  are  bitter  and 
aromatic.  The  leaves  furnish  a  home  remedy  for  rheu- 
matism, toothache,  etc.  When  crushed  they  yield  a  strong 
lemon  odor,  due  to  an  oil  contained  in  the  transparent 
dots.  The  bush  serves  well  for  hedges. 


It  is  said  that  the  Indians  use  the  prickly  ash  as  a 
medicine  under  the  name  of  Hantola  ;  that  they  chew  the 
bark  for  aching  teeth ;  make  decoctions,  mostly  of  the 
roots,  for  rheumatism  and  colic ;  and,  mixed  with  bear's 
grease,  use  it  for  poultices. 

In  typhoid  cases  the  tincture  of  the  berry  is  consid- 
ered very  helpful.  "  In  typhus  fever,  typhus  pneumonia, 
and  typhoid  conditions  generally,  I  am  compelled  to  say 
that  I  consider  the  tincture  of  prickly-ash  berries  superior 
to  any  other  kind  of  medicine." — DR.  KING  as  quoted  by 
Millspaugh. 


Rue  (Rutacece) 


49 


A 


Fig.  8.— Prickly  Ash.    (X.  Am-ricanum,  Mill.) 
(«)  Flowering  twig.     (t>)  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 


50  Holly  (Ilidnece) 

(2)  Genus  PTELEA,  L.  (Shrubby  Trefoil.) 

From  the  Greek  name  of  the  elm,  given  because  of  the  similarity  of  the  fruits. 

Fig.  9.— Shrubby  Trefoil.     Hop  Tree.    P.  trifoliata,  L. 

Flowers,  of  marked  odor,  in  small  compound  clusters  at 
the  ends  of  the  young  branches.  Staminate,  pistil- 
late, and  perfect  flowers  sometimes  form  on  the  same 
bush.  Petals,  sepals,  and  stamens  three  to  five. 
Seed-case,  two-celled.  Style,  short.  June. 

Leaves,  of  three  leaflets,  two  to  four  inches  long,  with 
edges  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  downy  when  young. 

Fruit,  "  orbicular,"  two-celled,  two-seeded,  with  the  edge 
broadly  winged  throughout ;  nearly  one  inch  across  ; 
intensely  bitter,  and  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops  ; 
a  samara. 

Found,  in  rocky  places  from  Long  Island  to  Minnesota, 
and  southward. 

A  shrub  six  to  eight  feet  high,  well  fitted  for  orna- 
ment, being  neat  in  appearance,  not  liable  to  attack  from 
insects,  and  hung  late  in  the  season  with  large  bunches 
of  hop-like  fruit.  Its  leaves  and  flowers  are  late  in  un- 
folding. 

8.  Family  ILICINE/E.     (Holly  Fam.) 

Flowers,  in  staminate  and  pistillate  forms,  white  or  greenish,  small, 
along  the  sides  of  the  branches  (axillary.)  Petals,  four  to  eight, 
separate,  or  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Calyx,  minute.  Stamens, 
as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternate  with  them.  Seed-case,  free 
from  the  calyx,  four-  to  eight-celled,  four-  to  eight-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edge-toothed  or  entire 

Fruit,  berry-like  drupes  about  the  size  of  peas,  with  four  to  eight 
stones. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 
Petals  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape  ;  Leaves  toothed.        (i)  Ilex  (Holly,  etc.). 

(°       W  Ne.opana.es  (M,.   HoUy). 


Fig.  9.— Hop  Tree.    (P.  trifoliata,  L.) 

(a)  Fruit,     (b)  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 


52  Holly  ( Ilicinece) 

(i)  Genus  ILEX,  L.     (Holly,  etc.) 
Fig.  10. — Ilex  montana,  T.  and  G.    /.  monticola,  G. 

Flowers,  with  their  parts  in  fours  or  fives  (or  rarely  in 
sixes).  Sepals,  delicately  fringed  with  fine  hairs. 
Staminate  flowers  usually  in  clusters  ;  pistillate 
usually  solitary,  with  very  short  stems. 

Leaves,  three  to  five  inches  long,  egg-shape  or  long  oval, 
sharply  toothed,  mostly  smooth.  Apex  and  base, 
pointed. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  pea  ;  fleshy,  red  or  purple.  Nutlets, 
four  to  six,  each  finely  lined  along  the  back  ;  a  drupe. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  in  the  Catskill  and  Tahonic 
Mountains,  and  in  Cattaraugus  County,  N.  Y., 
through  Pennsylvania  as  far  east  as  Northampton 
County,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. 

A  shrub  sometimes  taking  the  size  and  shape  of  a 
small  tree. 

Soft  Ilex.     /.  mollis,  Gray. 

This  species  quite  closely  resembles   the  preceding, 
except  in  these  items  : 

Flowers,  the  staminate  clusters  with  very  many  blossoms. 
Leaves,  soft,  downy  beneath. 

Found,  in  Burgeons  Gap,  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  along  the  mountains  in  the  Southern  States. 

Fig.  ii.— Winterberry.     Black  Alder.    I.  vertidllata  (L.),  Gray. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  in  stemless  clusters,  with  the  parts 
in  fours,  fives,  or  sixes ;  the  pistillate,  solitary  or 
clustered,  with  the  parts  in  sixes  (or  rarely  in  fives, 
sevens,  or  eights).  Flower-stems,  all  very  short. 
July. 


Holly  (Ilicinecz) 


Fig.  io.— Ilex.    (I.  montana,  G.  and  T.) 
Fig.  ii.— Winterberry.     I.  verticillata  (L.), 


54  Holly  ( Ilicinece) 

Leaves,  variable,  reverse  egg-shape  to  oval  and  wedge- 
shape,  downy  beneath,  especially  along  the  vines, 
strongly  net-veined.  Apex  and  base  pointed.  Leaf- 
stems,  short. 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  fleshy,  bright  red. 
Nutlets,  six  to  eight,  smooth,  moon-shape,  often 
continuing  in  place  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen  ; 
a  drupe.  September,  October. 

Found,  in  moist  woods  or  swamps  ;  common. 

A  shrub,  usually  about  eight  feet  high  ;  very  notice- 
able among  the  autumn  trees  and  bushes  because  of  its 
show  of  fiery-red  berries.  Its  bark  is  tonic,  astringent, 
and  antiseptic,  and  is  often  used  with  the  effect  of  Peru- 
vian bark  in  intermittent  fevers.  "It  is  probably  as  well 
known  to  domestic  practice  as  any  indigenous  shrub." 

Smooth  Winterberry.     /.  lavtgata  (Pursh.),  Gray. 

This  species  differs  from  the  last  chiefly  in  these 
items  : 

Flowers,  the  staminate  forms  on  stems  nearly  one  inch 
long.  June. 

Leaves,  shining  above,  smooth  beneath,  and  only  minutely 
downy  on  the  veins.  Leaf-stems,  one  half  to  five 
sixths  of  an  inch  long. 

Fruit,  larger  than  the  last  (about  one  third  inch  in  diam- 
eter) and  ripening  earlier.  September. 

Found,  in  wet  ground  from  the  mountains  of  Virginia 
northward. 

Fig.  12.— Inkberry.     /.  glabra  (L.),  Gray. 

Flowers,  small  and  white,  with  the  parts  mostly  in  sixes  ; 
the  staminate  blossoms  in  a  three-  to  six-flowered 


Holly  (Ilicinecz)  55 


Fig.  12.— Inkberry.     I.  glabra  (L.),  G. 


56  Holly  (Ilicinecz) 

cluster,  the  fertile  ones  usually  solitary.  Flower-stem, 
about  one  half  inch  long,  slender,  and  minutely 
hairy.  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  one  and  three  quarter  inches  long,  thick, 
dark,  and  very  shiny  above,  both  surfaces  smooth, 
veins  beneath  scarcely  perceptible  ;  wedge-shape  or 
oblong,  notched  toward  the  apex,  with  a  few  (usually 
five)  remote  teeth. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  small  pea  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
round,  black,  shining,  often  remaining  through  the 
winter  ;  not  edible.  Stones,  four  to  six,  smooth  ;  a 
berry-like  drupe. 

Found,  in  sandy  and  low  ground  from  Cape  Ann,  Massa- 
chusetts, southward  near  the  coast. 

A  pretty  evergreen  shrub  two  to  four  feet  high,  well 
worthy  of  cultivation  because  of  its  neat  shape  and  shin- 
ing evergreen  leaves. 

It  is  considered  of  value  medicinally  (in  fevers),  but 
its  chief  use  is  for  decoration.  Quantities  of  it  are  sent 
from  the  southern  counties  of  New  Jersey  to  the  New 
York  florists,  who  easily  keep  it  in  good  condition  for 
several  months. 

(2)  Genus  NEMOPANTHES,  Raf. 

Probably  from  the  Greek  words  meaning  "thread,"  '"foot,"  and  "  flower,"  in 
reference  to  the  thread-like  stalk  of  the  blossom. 

Fig.  13. — Mountain  Holly.     N.  mucron&ta  (LJ,  Trelease.     N. 
fasciculariS)  Raf. 

Flowers,  usually  solitary,  small,  greenish-white,  on  long, 
slender  stems.  Petals,  four  or  five,  narrow,  pointed, 
as  long  as  the  stamens,  separate.  Sepals,  in  the 
staminate  flowers  in  the  form  of  minute  teeth  ;  in  the 


Holly  ( llicinece) 


57 


Fig-  13.— Mountain  Holly.     N.  mucronata  (L.)  Trelease. 


58  Staff-Tree  (Celastracecz) 

pistillate  only  rudimentary.  Stamens,  four  or  five, 
with  slender  filaments.  Seed-case,  hemispherical. 
May,  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  reverse  egg- 
shape,  edge  entire,  or  sometimes  slightly  toothed ; 
smooth.  Leaf-stem,  slender. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  pea,  red,  nearly  round,  on  slender 
stems.  Nutlets,  four  or  five,  somewhat  angular ;  a 
berry-like  drupe.  August. 

Found,  in  damp  ground  from  the  mountains  of  Virginia 

northward. 
A  much-branched  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high,  with 

smooth  ash-gray  bark ;    the  young  shoots  purple  or  olive, 

with  round  gray  dots. 


I  found  the  pretty  bush  first  on  an  open,  rocky  point 
in  Lake  Placid,  among  the  Adirondacks.  It  was  set 
thick  with  bright  red  berries,  and  its  whole  aspect,  owing 
to  the  toughening  of  the  wind  and  sun,  was  tangled  and 
"  chunky."  Afterward  I  found  it  where  it  had  been  more 
delicately  reared,  in  the  damp  shade  of  the  neighboring 
woods,  with  straighter  and  slimmer  branches,  and  paler 
foliage. 

9.  Family  CELASTRACE^.    (Staff-Tree  Fam.) 
Genus  EUONYMUS,  Tourn.     (Burning-Bush,  etc.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  good  "  and  "  name." 

Fig.  14. — Burning-Bush.    Waahoo.    Spindle-Tree. 

E.  atropurpbreus,  Jacq. 

Flowers,  dark  purple,  small,  regular  in  loose  clusters  of 
three  to  six  blossoms,  at  the  sides  of  the  branches ; 
the  parts  of  the  flower  commonly  in  fours.  Stamens, 


Staff-Tree  (Celastracece) 


59 


Fig.  14. — Burning-Bush.     (E.  atropurpureus,  Jacq.) 
Fig.  15.     Strawberry-Bush.    (E.  Americanos,  L.) 


60  Staff -Tree  (Celastracece) 

very  short,  alternating  with  the  petals,  and  inserted 
on  a  disk  which  occupies  the  lower  part  of  the  calyx, 
and  is  stretched  over  the  seed-case,  partly  adhering 
to  it.  Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx,  two  to  five- 
celled,  with  one  to  four  seeds  in  each  cell.  Style, 
short  or  none.  Stem,  of  the  flower-clusters,  slender, 
one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long.  June 

Leaves,  two  to  five  inches  long,  simple,  opposite,  toothed, 
variable  in  shape,  oval  and  oblong  to  reverse  egg- 
shape.  Leaf -stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  long.  Branch- 
lets,  four-sided. 

Fruit,  very  showy,  smooth,  deeply  lobed ;  when  ripe 
splitting  up  and  down  into  three  to  five  valves,  and 
so  showing  the  bright  red  covers  of  the  seeds  within. 
Cells,  three  to  five.  Seeds,  few  (one  to  four  in  each 
cell),  elliptical ;  a  capsule. 

Found,  in  shady  woods  widely  distributed,  and  in  cultiva- 
tion. 

A  smooth-barked  shrub,  six  to  seventeen  feet  high, 
often  cultivated,  and  very  attractive  in  autumn  with  its 
abundant  drooping  clusters  of  "  burning "  berries.  A 
medicine  of  some  repute  has  been  prepared  from  it  called 
"Waahoo." 

Fig.  15. — Strawberry- Bush.     E.  Americanus,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  last  chiefly  in  the  follow- 
ing items  : 

Flowers,  greenish,  or  greenish-purple,  and  mostly  in  fives. 
Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  nearly  stemless. 

Fruit,  rough,  warty,  and  depressed.  Seeds,  smaller  and 
egg-shape  or  oval. 


Bucktk&m  ( Rhamnacece)  61 

Found,    in   damp   and   shady  places  from    New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

An  upright  or  sometimes  straggling  shrub,  two  to  five 
feet  high. 


10. 


Family  RHAMNACE^.     (Buckthorn  Fam.) 


Flowers,  greenish  or  white,  small  and  regular  (sometimes  with  the 
petals  wanting).  Petals,  when  present,  four  to  five,  not  united 
Sepals,  four  to  five.  Stamens,  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals, 
and  alternate  with  them.  Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx,  or  some- 
times united  to  it,  two-  to  five-celled.  Seeds,  one  in  each  cell. 
Stamens  and  petals  inserted  along  the  edge  of  a  fleshy  disk,  which 
lines  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  and  in  Ceanothus  unites  it  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  seed-case 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  fine-toothed. 

Fruit,  a  berry-like  drupe  or  a  capsule. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

;  **"*  *****  *"*   *""*'       (0  Rhamnus  (Buckthorns). 


F1°Wt?ng  ^capsul?1  ^  and  ^  kngth  SpHt"  [    (2>  Ceanothus  (New  Jersey  Tea,  etc.). 

(i)  Genus  RHAMNUS,  Tourn.     (Buckthorns.) 
Fig.  16.  —  Lance-Leaved  Buckthorn.     R.  lanceolata,  Pursh. 

Flowers,  yellowish-green,  small,  at  the  sides  of  the 
branches  ;  found  sometimes  in  two  slightly  different 
forms  on  different  bushes,  but  both  forms  perfect. 
Petals,  four  and  deeply  notched.  Sepals,  four.  Sta- 
mens, four.  Seed-case,  free,  two-  to  four-celled.  May. 

Leaves,  oval  and  oblong,  pointed,  or  on  the  flowering 
shoots  sometimes  blunted. 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  black  and  fleshy. 
Seeds,  two,  deeply  grooved  ;  a  berry-like  drupe. 

Found,    from    Pennsylvania   to   Illinois    and    Tennessee, 

and  westward. 
A  tall,  unarmed  shrub. 


62  Buckthorn  (  Rhamnacece) 

Fig.  17. — Alder-Leaved  Buckthorn.    R.  alnifolia,  L'Her. 

Flowers,  greenish,  small,  in  clusters  at  the  sides  of  the 
branches  ;  the  staminate  and  the  pistillate  forms 
usually  found  on  different  bushes.  Petals,  wanting. 
Sepals,  five.  Stamens,  five.  Seed-case,  two-  to  four- 
celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  about  one  half  as  wide. 

Fruit,  about  as  large  as  a  currant,  somewhat  pear-shape, 
black  and  fleshy.  Seeds,  three,  deeply  grooved  along 
the  back  ;  a  berry-like  drupe. 

Found,  in  rough  fields  and  swamps  from  Maine  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  Nebraska,  and  northward  ;  common. 

A  shrub  two  to  four  feet  high,  without  thorns. 

Common  Buckthorn.     {R.  cathdrtica,  Z.] 
This  species  is  a  native  of  Europe.      It  is  cultivated 
widely  in  the  form  of  thorny  hedges,  and  is  occasionally 
found  growing  wild  in  the  Eastern  States.     The  leaves 
are  egg-shape  ;  the  fruit  three-  to  four-seeded. 

As  far  back  as  the  1 3th  century  it  was  noticed  for  its 
medicinal  qualities.  During  the  i6th  century  all  medical 
writers  commented  on  it.  It  is  now  fallen  into  disuse,  its 
cathartic  effect  being  considered  too  violent. 

Carolina  Buckthorn.     R.  Caroliniana,  Walt. 

Flowers,  greenish,  small,  perfect ;  in  one  form  in  clusters, 
in  another  solitary,  with  short  stem.  Petals,  five. 
Sepals,  five.  Seed-case,  free.  June. 

Leaves,  two  to  five  inches  long,  obscurely  toothed,  strongly 
veined. 

Fruit,  black,  fleshy,  berry-like.  Seeds,  three,  not  fur- 
rowed ;  a  berry-like  drupe. 


Buckthorn  (Rhamnacecz) 


Fig.  16.—  Lance-Leaved  Buckthorn. 
Fig.  17.—  Alder-Leaved  Buckthorn. 


(R.  lanceolata,  Pursh.) 
(R.  alnifdlia,  L'Her.) 


64  Buckthorn  (  Rkamnacece) 

Found,  in  wet  places,  from  New  Jersey  southward. 
A  thornless  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree. 

(2)  Genus  CEAN6THUS,  L.     (New  Jersey  Tea,  etc.) 
Fig.  18. — Narrow- Leaved  Ceandthus.    C.  ovcLtus,  Desf. 
This  species   differs  from   the   next   chiefly  in   these 
items  : 

Flowers,  somewhat  larger,  in  nearly  hemispherical  clusters 
that  are  about  one  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter. 
May. 

Leaves,  narrow  oval  to  narrow  egg-shape,  usually  pointed 
at  both  ends,  and  smooth,  or  nearly  so  ;  the  glandular 
teeth  of  the  edge  often  black-tipped. 

Found,  among  dry  rocks,  Western  Vermont  and  Massa- 
chusetts, and  westward.  It  is  rare  in  the  East. 

Fig.  19. — New  Jersey  Tea.    Red-Root.    C.  Americanus,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  in  lengthened  clusters  at  the  summit  of 
the  flower  branches.  Petals,  five,  spreading,  hooded, 
attached  by  slender  claws,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Calyx,  five-lobed,  incurved,  the  lower  part  attached 
with  the  thick  disk  to  the  seed-case,  and  remaining 
long  after  the  lobes  and  the  ripened  fruit  have  fallen. 
Calyx  and  flower-stem  colored  like  the  petals.  Seed- 
case,  three-celled.  July. 

Leaves,  three  quarters  to  three  inches  long,  egg-shape, 
dark,  dull  green  ;  very  prominently  three-veined  from 
the  base,  toothed,  downy,  or  often  nearly  smooth. 
Apex,  pointed  or  obtuse ;  base  often  slightly  heart- 
shape. 

Fruit,  small,  dry,  three-lobed  and  three-celled,  splitting 
up  and  down  into  three  parts.  Seeds,  not  furrowed, 
one  in  each  cell.  A  capsule. 


Fig.  1 8.— Narrow-Leaved  Ceandthus.   (C.  ovatus,  Desf.) 

(a)  Flower  enlarged. 

Fig.  19.— New  Jersey  Tea.     (C.  Americanus,  L.) 
(li)  Fruit. 


66  Soapberry  (Sapindacece) 

Found,   widely  distributed   in   dry  woodlands  and   fields 
from  Canada  to  Florida. 

A  shrub  one  to  three  feet  high,  springing  from  a  large 
dark  red  root.  During  the  American  Revolution  and  in 
the  Civil  War,  in  some  of  the  Southern  States  its  leaves 
served  for  tea.  Its  root  is  sometimes  used  for  dyeing. 


Common  as  the  shrub  is,  it  was  late  before  I  learned 
to  know  it ;  but  since  that  time  until  now,  when  it  has 
come  to  be  one  of  my  familiar  friends,  always  the  prettiest 
thing  about  it  has  seemed  to  me  to  be  its  quaint  and  tiny 
silver-lined  cups,  emptied  of  their  ripened  seeds  and  shin- 
ing on  their  dried  stalks  among  the  flowers  and  leaves  of 
a  new  year's  growth. 

It  was  once  widely  advertised  that  the  true  China  tea 
plant  had  been  discovered  in  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  that  its  identity  was  certified  by  an  expert  from 
Assam.  A  company  was  even  formed  for  its  cultivation 
and  sale.  The  fraud  was  soon  detected ;  they  were 
using  the  leaves  of  the  New  Jersey  tea.  An  infusion  of 
these  leaves  tastes  like  the  poorer  grades  of  imported 
teas,  but  probably  it  has  none  of  the  tonic  effects  of  real 
tea. 

ii.   Family  SAPINDACE^.     (Soapberry  Fam.) 

(i)  Genus  ACER,  Tourn.     (Maple.) 
Fig.  20. — Mountain  Maple.     A.  spicatum,  Lam. 
Flowers,  greenish,  small,  regular,  crowded  in  lengthened 
and  upright  clusters,  which  become  drooping  in  fruit ; 
either  perfect  or  in  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms 
on  separate  plants,  appearing  after  the  leaves.    Petals, 
narrow,  generally  five,    not   united.     Sepals,   of  the 


Soapberry  (Sapindacece)  67 


Fig.  20.— Mountain  Maple.     (A.  spicatum,  Lam.) 


68  Soapberry  (Sapindacece) 

same  number,  colored.  Stamens,  six  to  eight.  Styles, 
two,  long  and  slender,  and  united  only  below.  Seed- 
case,  free,  two-lobed  and  two-celled,  with  two  young 
seeds  in  each  cell  (only  one  ripening).  June. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  three-  (or  slightly  five-)  lobed, 
the  lobes  toothed  ;  downy  beneath  ;  more  or  less 
heart-shaped  at  base.  Bark,  light  gray. 

Fruit,  in  drooping  clusters,  two-winged,  two-seeded  ;  a 
double  samara  or  "key." 

Found,  usually  in  clumps  in  moist  and  hilly  woods,  widely 
distributed  from  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward  ; 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Virginia  and 
Kentucky. 

A  shrub  six  to  fifteen  feet  high,  easily  distinguished 
by  its  bark  and  leaves  from  its  near  relation  and  frequent 
neighbor,  the  Striped  Maple  (A.  Pennsylvdnicum,  L.), 
which  is  often  of  no  greater  height,  though  ranked  with 
the  trees,  and  which  has  a  similar  liking  for  damp  and 
hilly  woods.  The  latter  has  larger  and  differently  shaped 
leaves  (Fig.  74,  Trees  of  Northeastern  America),  and  a 
greenish  bark,  peculiarly  marked  lengthwise  with  stripes. 

(2)  Genus  STAPHYLEA,  L.     (Bladder-Nut.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  cluster." 

Fig.  21.— American  Bladder-Nut.     5.  trifblia,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  handsome,  in  short,  drooping  clusters  at 
the  ends  of  the  branchlets.  Petals,  five,  not  united. 
Stamens,  five,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Sepals, 
five,  whitish.  Styles,  three,  lightly  united.  Seed- 
case,  free  from  the  calyx,  but  with  its  base  slightly 
sunk  in  the  fleshy  receptacle  ;  with  three  cells,  each 
cell  containing  several  young  seeds. 


Soapberry  (Sapindacece)  69 


Fig.  2i.— Bladder-Nut.     (S.  trifdlia,  L.) 
(a)  Fruit. 


V 


70  Sumach  (Anacardiacece) 

Leaves,  compound,  opposite  ;  leaflets  three  to  five,  toothed, 
pale  beneath,  with  scattered  hairs.  Branches,  green- 
ish-striped. . 

Fruit,  the  most  remarkable  thing  about  the  plant,  large, 
inflated,  three-sided,  three-parted  at  the  top,  three- 
celled,  each  cell  with  one  to  four  smooth,  hard  seeds, 
with  an  odor  much  like  that  of  a  pea-pod.  A  capsule. 

Found,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets  northward  from  North 

Carolina  and  Tennessee. 
A  handsome  shrub,  six  to  ten  feet  high. 

12.   Family  ANACARDlACE^.     (Sumach  Fam.) 
Genus  RHUS,  L.     (Sumachs.) 

Possibly  from  a  word  meaning  "  red." 

Flowers,  greenish,  yellowish,  or  reddish,  small,  regular,  often  in  the 
staminate  and  pistillate  forms.  Petals,  five,  not  united.  Sepals, 
five.  Stamens,  five,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Styles,  three.  Seed- 
case,  free,  one-celled,  with  one  seed. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate. 

Fruit,  nearly  round,  small,  not  splitting  when  ripe,  one-seeded.  An 
almost  dry  drupe. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

(a)  Leaflets,  more  than  three. 

(b)  Edge  of  leaflets  toothed. 

(c)  Leaf  stem  and  branchlets  smooth,     (i)  Smooth  Sumach. 
(c)          "          "  "         very  downy.    (2)  Stag-Horn  Sumach. 

(b)  Edge  of  leaflets  entire. 

(c)  The  common  leaf-stem  winged  between  the  leaflets.    (3)  Dwarf 

Sumach. 

(r)  The  common  leaf-stem  not  winged.     (4)  Poison  Sumach. 
(a)  Leaflets,  three. 

(6)  Edge  of  leaflets  entire,  cr  with  a  few  sharp  teeth.     (5)  Poison  Ivy. 
(6)  Edge  of  leaflets  with  large  rounded  teeth.     (6)  Sweet  Sumach. 

Fig.  22.— (i)  Smooth  Sumach.     R.glabra^L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish-red,  in  dense  terminal  pyramid- 
shaped  clusters.  June,  July. 

Leaflets,  eleven  to  thirteen,  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches 
long,  toothed,  pale  beneath.  Leaf-stem  and  branch- 
lets,  smooth. 


Sumac k  (  Anacardiacece) 


Fig.  22.— Smooth  Sumach.      (R.  glabra,  L.) 
Fig.  23. — Dwarf  Sumach.      (R.  copallina,  L.) 


72  Sumach  (  Anacardiacece) 

Fruit,  red,  with  crimson  hairs,  very  sour.  Stone,  smooth. 
A  dry  drupe. 

Found,  very  widely  distributed  in  waste  and  barren  places. 

A  shrub  five  to  fifteen  feet  high,  smooth  throughout 
(excepting  in  its  fruit)  with  straggling  branches,  often  in 
extensive  clumps  and  thickets.  The  bark  of  this  and  of 
other  Sumachs  is  used  in  tanning.  An  infusion  of  the 
berries  makes  a  pleasant  and  cooling  drink  in  fevers. 
Also  the  berries  yield  a  red  dye.  In  autumn  the  leaves 
take  a  brilliant  shade  of  crimson.  The  Sumachs  are  often 
cultivated  ;  they  are  easily  raised  from  seed,  or  they  may 
be  propagated  from  root  cuttings. 

(2)  Stag- Horn  Sumach.     R.  typhina,  Z. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish-yellow,  crowded  in  upright,  pyra- 
mid-shaped, terminal  clusters.  June. 

Leaflets,  closely  resembling  those  of  the  preceding  species 
(the  Smooth  Sumach),  eleven-  to  thirty-one-toothed, 
whitish  and  more  or  less  downy  beneath.  Leaf-stem 
and  branchlets,  especially  toward  their  ends,  covered 
with  a  very  dense  velvet-like  and  often  crimson-tinged 
down. 

Fruit,  rounded,  somewhat  flattened,  covered  with  a  crim- 
son and  very  acid  down.  Stone,  smooth.  A  dry 
drupe.  September,  October. 

Found,   oftenest  in   rocky  and  barren   places  from   New 

Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  through 

the  Northern  States,  and  southward  along  the  Aile- 

ghany  Mountains  to  Central  Alabama. 

A  larger  shrub  than  the  Smooth  Sumach,  sometimes 

twenty  feet  high,  and  often  taking  the  tree  form.      The 

straggling,  evenly   spreading  branches,   with    the   leaves 


Sumach  ( Anacardiacece)  73 

mostly  toward  their  ends,  give  a  peculiar  umbrella-like 
look.  The  wood  is  very  soft  and  brittle,  yellow,  with  the 
sap-wood  white.  In  spring  in  the  sugar  orchards  the 
young  shoots,  cleared  of  their  pith,  serve  as  "sap  quills" 
for  drawing  the  running  sap  from  the  maples.  The  wood 
forms  a  yellow  dye,  and  an  infusion  of  the  berries  is  used 
as  a  gargle  for  sore-throat.  The  thick  down  upon  the 
young  branches,  and  their  shape,  are  suggestive  of  the 
horns  of  a  stag,  whence  the  name. 

Fig.  23. — (3)  Dwarf  Sumach.  Mountain  Sumach.  R.copall\na,L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  upright  pyramid-shaped, 
stemless  clusters,  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
July. 

Leaflets,  nine  to  twenty-one  (oftenest  nine  to  thirteen), 
one  to  three  inches  long,  edge  entire,  base  usually 
rounded  and  one-sided,  upper  surface  dark  and  shin- 
ing. Leaf-stem,  expanded  between  the  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets into  broadly  winged  margins. 

Fruit,  rounded,  hairy,  varying  in  color  in  ripening  from 
delicate  neutral  tints,  grays  and  drabs,  to  red  ;  acid. 
Stone,  smooth.  September. 

Found,  very  widely  distributed,  usually  in  dry  and  rocky 
places. 

A  shrub  three  to  five  feet  high,  or  sometimes,  in  favor- 
able locations,  twenty  feet  high,  oftenest  forming  clumps 
or  borders  along  the  edge  of  woods  and  thickets.  Its 
peculiar  winged  foliage,  and  the  constantly  changing 
tints  of  flower,  fruit,  and  leaf,  make  it  the  most  attractive 
of  the  Sumachs,  and  best  worthy  of  ornamental  cultiva- 
tion. A  mass  of  them  set  in  a  corner  of  the  garden  or 
grounds  would  be  constantly  attractive. 


74  Sumach  (Anacardiacecz) 

Fig.  24.— (4)  Poison  Sumach.      Poison   Dogwood.      Poison 
Elder.     R.  vernix,  L.      ( R.  venenata,  D.  C.) 

Flowers,  small,  green,  in  long,  loose  clusters  at  the  bases 
of  the  upper  leaves.  June. 

Leaflets,  seven  to  thirteen,  edge  entire,  long  oval  or  egg- 
shape,  smooth  and  thin,  base  rounded  or  pointed. 
Leaf-stem,  red  throughout,  and  not  winged. 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  small  peas,  rounded,  smooth, 
shining,  dry.  Stone,  lined.  A  dry  drupe.  September. 

Found,  in  swampy  land,  widely  distributed. 

A  tall  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  six  to  eigh- 
teen feet  high.  It  is  violently  poisonous  to  the  touch, 
causing,  in  most  persons,  a  painful  eruption  ;  some  are 
poisoned  by  it  without  touching  it,  probably  by  means  of 
the  drifting  pollen  of  its  flowers.  A  recommended  appli- 
cation is  sugar  of  lead,  applied  after  the  use  of  saline 
cathartics,  or  a  thick  paste  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  rubbed 
into  the  skin  as  soon  as  the  eruption  appears.  It  is  also 
claimed  that  relief  and,  if  used  promptly,  frequent  cure 
follow  the  use  of  belladonna,  of  apis  mellifica,  or  of 
arsenicum  album,  taken  in  homoeopathic  doses.  But 
there  are  wellnigh  as  many  recommended  antidotes  as 
there  are  for  the  bite  of  a  rattlesnake. 


Apart  from  other  differences,  the  Poison  Sumach  can 
be  easily  and  quickly  distinguished  from  all  other  Sumachs 
by  these  signs:  It  differs  from  the  Smooth  Sumach  and 
the  Stag-Horn  Sumach  in  having  the  edge  of  its  leaflets 
entire ;  from  the  Dwarf  Sumach,  by  the  absence  of  the 
winged  stem  between  its  leaflets  and  by  its  red  leaf- 
stem. 


Sumach  (Anacardiacecz)  75 


Fig.  24.— Poison  Sumach.     (R.  vdrnix,  L.) 


76  Sumach  (Anacardiacece) 

Fig.  25. — (5)  Poison  Ivy.     Poison  Oak.     R.  rddicans,  L. 
( R.  toxicodcndron,  L.) 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  loose  clusters  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  on 
different  plants.  June. 

Leaflets,  three,  edge  entire,  or  variously  sharp-notched, 
mostly  pointed,  and  somewhat  downy  beneath. 

Fruit,  small,  rounded,  pale  brown  or  whitish,  smooth. 
Stone,  lined.  September. 

Found,  widely  distributed  in  open  grounds  and  among 
trees,  along  walls  and  fences. 

A  shrub  that  is  less  poisonous  than  the  Poison  Su- 
mach, but  more  dreaded  because  the  latter  is  confined  to 
swampy  grounds,  while  the  Poison  Ivy  is  found  every- 
where. It  takes  all  positions  ;  sometimes  it  is  erect  (one 
to  three  feet  high),  often  it  is  prostrate  and  trailing: 
oftenest,  perhaps,  it  is  climbing.  In  its  climbing  form 
it  covers  the  posts  of  fences,  the  trunks  and  branches  of 
trees,  stone  walls — clinging  tenaciously  wherever  it  goes 
by  multitudes  of  thread-like  rootlets,  and  sometimes 
reaching  a  distance  of  forty  or  even  fifty  feet,  with  a  stem 
from  two  to  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter.  At  times  it 
so  closely  covers  its  growing  support  as  to  smother  it. 
Its  poisonous  qualities  are  the  same  in  kind  as  those  of 
the  Poison  Sumach. 

Fig.  26.— (6)  Sweet  Sumach.     R.  aromdtica,  Ait. 
( R.  Canadtnsis,  Marsh.) 

Flowers,  small,  yellowish,  in  small  spikes  or  heads,  un- 
folding before  the  leaves. 

Leaflets,  three,  one  to  three  inches  long,  the  end  one 
sometimes  three-cleft,  edge  unequally  round-toothed. 


Fig.  25.— Poison  Ivy.     (R.  radicans,  L.)    (a)  Fruit. 
77  Fig.  26.^-Sweet  Sumach.     (R.  aromatica,  Ait.) 


78  Pulse  (  Leguminosce) 

Fruit,  rounded,  red,  acid.      A  dry  drupe. 

Found,  widely  distributed  north  and  south  on  dry  open 

ground,  and  in  thickets. 

A  straggling  shrub,  two  to  six  feet  high,  with  leaves 
of  a  pleasant,  aromatic  odor  when  crushed. 

13.   Family  LEGUMINOS^E.     (Pulse  Fam.) 
Genus  AMORPHA,  L.     (False  Indigo,  etc.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  without  form,"  because  of  the  absence  of  a  part 
of  its  petals. 

Fig.  27.— False  Indigo.     A.  fructicbsa,  L. 
Flowers,  irregular,  violet  or  purple,  crowded  in  clustered 
terminal  spikes.     Petal,  one.     Stamens,  ten,  united 
at  the  base.     Sepals,  five.     Seed-case,  one,  one-celled, 
free,  two-seeded,  longer  than  the  calyx.     May,  June. 
Leaves,   compound,   alternate,   three  to  five  inches  long. 
Leaflets,  fifteen  to  seventeen,  about  one  inch  long, 
edge  entire,  marked  with  small  dots. 
Fruit,  small,  two-seeded.     A  pod. 
Found,  from  Southern  Pennsylvania  southward,  and  far 

westward. 
A  shrub  six  to  sixteen  feet  high. 

Lead- Plant.    A.  cantscens,  Nutt. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items : 

Flowers,  bright  blue. 
Leaflets,  thirty-one  to   fifty-one,   small   (one  and  a  half 

inches  or  less),  crowded. 
Fruit,  one-seeded. 
Found,  westward. 

A  pretty  shrub,  two  to  four  feet  high,  taking  its  name 
from  a  supposed  liking  for  localities  containing  lead-ore. 


Pulse  (Leguminosce)  79 


Fig.  27.— False  Indigo.    (A.  fructicdsa,  L.) 


8o  Rose  (Rosacece) 

14.  Family  ROSACES.     (Rose  Fam.) 

Flowers,  regular.  Petals,  five,  not  united,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on 
the  edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Sepals,  five, 
united  toward  the  base,  often  accompanied  outside  by  a  row  of 
small,  leaf-like  bracts.  Stamens,  numerous  [or  in  Spiraea  (2) 
sometimes  as  few  as  ten]  inserted  as  above.  Seed-case,  one  to 
many,  free  from  the  calyx  excepting  in  Pyrus  (6),  Crataegus  (7), 
and  Amelanchior  (<s),  and  in  the  Genus  Rosa  (5),  where  the  many 
pistils  are  imbedded  in  the  inner  surface  of  the  more  or  less 
rounded  calyx-tube. 

Leaves,  usually  simple  [compound  in  Rosa  (5)  and  in  Rubus  (4)  ex- 
cepting in  one  species],  alternate,  usually  with  leaf-like  bracts 
(stipules)  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stem. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(a)  Seed-case,  one  to  many,  free,  and  not  (as  in  Rosa)  covered  in  ripening  by 
the  calyx. 

(b)  Seed-case,  one .   Leaves,  simple.    Fruit,  a  drupe.     (l)  Prunus(Plum, 

Cherry). 

(b)  Seed-cases,  mostly  five,  one-celled,  two-  to  several-seeded.  Fruit,  a 
follicle. 

(c\  Leaves,  simple.     (2)  Spinfea  (Meadow-Sweet,  etc.). 
(c)       "         lohed.       (3)  Physocarpus  (Nine-Bark). 

(b)  Seed-cases,  numerous,  crowded  on  a  lengthened,  spongy  receptacle, 
becoming  fleshy  in  fruit.  Leaves  compound  (except  in  Flowering 
Raspberry).  Fruit,  crowded  drupelets.  (4)  Rubus  (Blackberry 
etc). 

(a)  Seed-case,  one  to  many,  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube,  or  (in  Rosa)  covered  in 
ripening  by  the  calyx. 

(2)  Seed-cases,  many,  becoming  bony  nutlets  enclosed  in  the  rounded, 
fleshy  calyx-tube,  and  appearing  like   a   small   apple.      Leaves, 
compound.        Fruit,  clustered  akenes,  but  apparently  a  pome. 
(5)  Rosa  (Rose). 

(2)  Seed-case,  one,  imbedded  in  the  fleshy  calyx  tube.  Leaves,  simple.  Fruit, 
a  pome.  (6)  Pyrus  (Chokeberry,  etc.),  (7)  Crat&gus  (Thorn,  Haw),  (8) 
Amelanchior  (Juneberry). 

(i)  Genus  PRIJNUS,  Tourn.     (Plum,  Cherry.) 

Flowers,  white,  in  clusters,  excepting  in  the  third  species 
(sloe),  with  or  preceding  the  leaves,  excepting  in  the 
fourth  species  (Choke-Cherry).  Petals,  five,  much 
spreading.  Sepals,  five.  Stamens,  fifteen  to  twenty. 
Seed-case,  one,  free  from  the  calyx,  with  two  young 
seeds,  only  one  of  which  usually  ripens. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed. 
Fruit,  fleshy,  with  a  bony  stone. 


Rose  (  Rosacece)  81 

Fig.  28.— Wild  Plum.      Canada  Plum.      Horse  Plum. 
P.  Americana,  Marsh. 

Flowers,  in  simple  clusters  of  three  to  four  blossoms,  pre- 
ceding the  leaves. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  oval  to  reverse 
egg-shape ;  base  pointed  or  rounded,  somewhat 
downy  on  the  veins  and  in  their  angles.  Bark  of 
the  main  stem  dark,  reddish-green,  or  bronze- 
green. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  inches  in  diameter,  yellow, 
orange,  or  red,  with  a  thick,  acid  skin,  and  a  pleasant 
flavor.  Stone,  slightly  flattened,  with  both  edges 
winged  and  sharp. 

Found,  from  Canada  southward  to  Florida,  and  westward, 
and  often  in  cultivation. 

A  bush  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  eight  to  twenty 
feet  high,  with  hard,  reddish  wood.  In  cultivation  it 
furnishes  an  excellent  stock  on  which  to  graft  the  domestic 
plums. 

Dwarf  Cherry.     Sand  Cherry.    P.  piimila,  L. 
Flowers,  two  to  four,  together. 

Leaves,  narrowly  reverse  egg-shape,  tapering  to  the  base, 
slightly  toothed  toward  the  apex,  pale  beneath. 

Fruit,  slightly  lengthened,  nearly  black  when  ripe,  usually 
sour  and  puckery.  Stone,  lengthened,  without  mar- 
gin, the  size  of  a  large  pea. 

Found,  from  Canada  to  Virginia,  and  westward. 

A  drooping  and  trailing  shrub,  six  inches  to  six  feet 
high. 


82  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

Fig.  29.— Beach  Plum.     P.  mariflma,  Wang. 

Flowers,  white,  two  to  five  in  each  cluster,  appearing 
before  the  leaves.  April,  May. 

Leaf,  one  to  three  inches  long,  edge  very  finely  toothed, 
outline  mostly  oval,  light  green,  soft,  downy  beneath, 
especially  when  young,  strongly  net-veined.  Leaf- 
stem,  with  two  small,  wart-like  dots.  Bark,  very 
dark. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  one  inch  in  diameter,  round  or  oval, 
purple  or  crimson.  Stone,  much  swollen,  sharp  on 
one  edge,  on  the  opposite  side  rounded  and  finely 
grooved  ;  edible.  Ripe  in  August  and  September. 

Found,  on  and  near  the  sea-beach  from  Massachusetts  to 
Virginia. 

A  straggling,  much-branching  bush,  two  to  five  feet 
high.  The  farther  'it  grows  from  the  beach,  the  thinner 
and  smoother  its  leaves  are  likely  to  be,  and  its  plums 
smaller.  Its  fruit  is  much  sought  in  autumn  for  preserv- 
ing. "  Beach-plumming "  along  the  coast  equals  in 
interest  "  chestnutting  "  and  "  huckleberrying  "  inland. 

Prunus  Alleghaniensis.     Porter. 
Leaves,  long  oval  to  lanceolate. 

Fruit,  very  dark  purple,  less  than  one  half  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Stone,  with  a  broad  flat  ridge  on  one  side,  and 
a  shallow  groove  on  the  other. 

Found,  on  the  bluffs  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  in 
Pennsylvania. 

A  straggling  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree,  three 
to  fifteen  feet  high,  seldom  thorny. 


Rose  (Rosacece) 


Fig.  28.— Wild  Plum.     (P.  Americana,  Marsh.)    (a)  Fruit. 
Fig.  29.— Beach  Plum.     (P.  maritlma,  Wang.)     (/>)  Fruit. 


84  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

Fig.  30.— Sloe.     Black  Thorn.     [P.  spinbsa.  Z.] 
Flowers,  white,  usually  solitary.      Flower-stems,  smooth. 

Leaves,  edge  sharply-toothed  or  double-toothed,  reverse 
egg-shape  to  egg-shape,  downy  beneath,  becoming 
smooth. 

Fruit,  small,  rounded,  black.  Stone,  swollen,  with  one 
edge  sharp. 

Found,  in  waste  places  from  New  England  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  New  Jersey.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

A  thorny  shrub,  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  high. 

Fig.  31.— Choke-Cherry.     P.  Virginiana,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  with  short  stems,  set  in  a  long,  cylinder- 
shaped  cluster  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branchlets,  appear- 
ing after  the  leaves.  Petals,  rounded.  May. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  oval  to  reverse  egg- 
shape,  thin,  base  variable,  edge  finely  and  sharply 
toothed.  Leaf-stem,  usually  marked  with  two  to  four 
wart-like  dots.  Bark,  light  gray  or  greenish  on  the 
young  shoots,  becoming  dark  gray  after  the  first 
year, 

Fruit,  about  one  quarter  inch  in  diameter,  very  abundant, 
red,  becoming  very  dark  in  ripening,  exceedingly 
astringent  (puckery),  but  when  thoroughly  ripe  not 
unpalatable.  Stone,  rounded,  smooth,  without  mar- 
gin. July,  August. 

Found,  widely  distributed  in  woods  and  hedges  from 
Georgia  westward  and  northward.  Common,  es- 
pecially northward. 

A  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  five  to  twenty 
feet  high. 


<j9. 


Fig.  30.— Sloe.     [P.  spindsa,  L.] 
85  Fig.  31.— Choke-Cherry.     (P.  Virginiana,  L.)     (a)  Fruit. 


86  Rose  (Rosacece) 

(2)  Genus  SPIRAEA,  L.      (Meadow-Sweet,  etc.) 

Flowers,  white  to  rose-color,  crowded  in  rounded  or  pyra- 
mid-shaped or  steeple-shaped  clusters.  Petals,  five, 
reverse  egg-shape.  Stamens,  ten  to  fifty.  Seed-cases, 
mostly  five,  distinct,  one-celled,  several-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed. 

Fruit,  a  dry,  simple  case  (usually  in  clusters  of  five),  with 
one  cell  and  several  long,  slim  seeds  ;  a  follicle,  or  a 
cluster  of  follicles. 

Fig.  32.— Meadow-Sweet.    S.  salicifUia,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  white  or  tinged  with  rose,  crowded  in 
rounded  and  pyramid-shaped  terminal  clusters.  Seed- 
cases,  five,  smooth.  July,  August. 

Leaves,  one  and  one  half  to  three  inches  long,  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape,  singly  or  doubly 
sharp-toothed,  base  pointed  or  rounded.  Apex, 
pointed. 

Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,    from    Georgia   northward   and   westward,    most 

abundantly  in  low  grounds. 
A  shrub  three  to  four  feet  high,  erect,  with  polished 

copper-colored  or  purplish   brittle   stem,   ornamental    in 

cultivation. 

Fig-  33- — Birch-Leaved  Spiraea.    S.  corymbbsa,  Raf, 
This  species  differs  chiefly  in  the  following  items  : 
Flowers,  in  large,  flat  clusters.      Seed-cases,  three  to  five. 
Leaves,  broad  oval  or  ovate,  toothed  only  toward  the  apex. 
Found,  in  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey, 
southward  to   Georgia,  and  westward  to  Kentucky 
and  Missouri. 
A  shrub  one  to  two  feet  high. 


Rose  (Rosacece) 


c<W<i 


..'JSMfh 

.*#•  SIS? 


c?s>.  ^2  _^ 

^«  ^.^ 

Fig.  32.  —Meadow-Sweet.    (S.  salicifolia,  L.) 
^ig-  33-— Birch-Leaved  Spiraea.     (S.  corymbdsa,  Raf.) 


88  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Fig.  34. — Hardback.     Steeple-Bush.     S.  tomenttsa,  L. 
flowers,  small,  rose-colored  or  rarely  white,  crowded  in 
steeple-shaped,    terminal    clusters.       Seed-cases,   five, 
woolly.     July,  August. 

Leaves,    crowded,    egg-shape    or    oblong,    toothed,    very 
white-woolly  beneath.     New  shoots,  covered  with   a 
rusty  down.      Old  stems,  smooth,  and  of  a  bronze  color. 
Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,  in  low  ground  from  Georgia  northward  and  west- 
ward. 

A  small  shrub,  two  to  five  feet  high,  with  hard,  brittle 
stalks,  that  call  for  troublesome  "  hacking  "  on  the  part 
of  the  haymakers,  whence  one  of  its  names.  It  is  orna- 
mental, and  is  often  cultivated  for  its  pretty,  steeple-like 
clusters  of  late-blooming,  rosy  flowers. 

(3)  Genus  PHYSOCARPUS,  Maxim.     (Nine-Bark.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "bladder"  and  "  nut." 
Fig-  35.— Nine-Bark.     P.  opulifblius  (L.)  Maxim. 

Flowers,  small,  white,  often  purple-tinged,  in  close, 
rounded  clusters  two  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter, 
each  flower  with  a  thread-like,  downy  stem.  Petals, 
five.  Stamens,  thirty  to  forty.  Seed-cases,  one  to 
five,  inflated.  Young  seeds,  two  to  four.  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  three-lobed, 
with  the  lobes  sharply  toothed,  base  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  or  pointed.  Bark,  gray,  loose,  and  flaking 
off  in  thin  scales. 

Fruit,  conspicuous,  a  smooth,  simple  case,  inflated  and 
purplish,  with  one  cell  and  two  ripened  seeds,  usually 
in  clusters  of  three  to  five.  Seeds,  rounded,  smooth, 
and  shining.  A  follicle  or  cluster  of  follicles. 


89 


-  34-— Hardback.     (S.  tomentdsa,  L.) 
35.— Nine-Bark.     (P.  opulifdlius  L.,  Maxim.) 


90  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Found,  oftenest  on  the  banks  of  streams  from  Canada 
southward  and  westward,  widely  distributed,  but 
rather  rare  in  its  wild  state. 

A  beautiful  shrub,  three  to  five  feet  high,  often  and 
easily  cultivated. 

(4)  Genus  RUBUS,  Tourn.     (Blackberry,  etc.) 

From  a  word  meaning  "  red." 

Flowers,  white  (excepting  in  the  first  species,  Purple- 
Flowering  Raspberry).  Petals,  five.  Sepals,  five, 
partly  united,  spreading.  Stamens,  numerous.  Seed- 
cases,  many,  each  with  two  young  seeds,  only  one  of 
which  ripens,  crowded  on  a  lengthened  receptacle. 

Leaves,  compound  (excepting  in  Purple-Flowering  Rasp- 
berry). Stems,  often  armed  with  prickles. 

Fruit,  a  pulpy  edible  "berry"  so  called,  formed  by  the 
ripened  seed-cases.  A  mass  of  small  drupes. 

Fig.  36. — Purple-Flowering  Raspberry.    R.  odoratus,  L. 

Flowers,  one  to  two  inches  across,  showy,  purple  to  rose 
color.  Petals,  rounded  in  terminal  clusters.  Stamens, 
one  hundred  to  two  hundred,  whitish.  Calyx,  flower- 
stems,  and  branchlets,  covered  with  sticky  hairs. 
June,  July. 

Leaves,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  simple,  three-  to  five- 
lobed,  the  middle  lobe  longest,  all  pointed  and  with 
their  edges  fine-toothed,  somewhat  hairy,  without 
prickles. 

Fruit,  of  but  slight  value,  broad  and  flat,  sometimes  an 
inch  across,  separating  from  the  receptacle  when 
ripe,  red,  sweet  when  ripe.  August. 


Fig.  36.— Purple-Flowering  Raspberry.     R.  odoratus,  L. 


92  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

Found,  from  Georgia  northward  and  westward,  often  in 
rocky  places,  and  on  the  borders  of  dry  woods. 

A  straggling  shrub,  three  to  five  feet  high.  Its  rose- 
like  blossoms  and  its  late  summer  flowering  make  it 
worthy  of  cultivation.  It  requires  shade. 

Fig-  37.— Wild  Red  Raspberry.     R  strigbsus,  Michx. 
Flowers,  small,  white.     Petals,  erect,  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
May. 

Leaflets.,  three  to  five,  the  side  ones  without  stems,  whitish- 
downy  beneath.  Stems,  thickly  set  with  stiff  bristles 
that  are  usually  straight,  but  sometimes  hooked. 

Fruit,  half  round,  red,  when  ripe  falling  from  the  length- 
ened receptacle,  sweet,  and  very  pleasant  to  the 
taste.  June,  August. 

Found,  especially  along  roadsides  and  in  neglected  fields, 
from  Labrador  to  New  Jersey,  and  westward  and 
southward  along  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina. 

A  free-growing  shrub,  three  to  six  feet  high,  ranking 
with  the  blackberries  and  huckleberries  as  a  liberal  and 
welcome  fruit-giver  for  country  homes.  The  supplies  for 
the  city  markets  are  mostly  from  cultivated  varieties. 

Fig.  38.— Blackcap.     Black  Raspberry.     Thimbleberry. 

R.  occidentdlis,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 

Flowers,  with  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Leaflets,  usually  three,  rarely  five,  the  side  ones  sometimes 
with  short  stems. 

Fruit,  black,  rarely  whitish. 


Rose  (  Rosacece) 


Fig  37-— Red  Raspberry.    (R.  strigdsus,  Michx.) 


94  Rose  (Rosacece) 

The  shrub  spreads  by  help  of  long  branches  which 
curve  over  and  down  until  their  tips  touch  the  ground, 
and  root,  so  forming  new  centres  of  tangled  growth. 

High  Blackberry.    R.  mllosus,  Ait. 

Mowers,  numerous,  in  clusters  of-  about  twenty  blossoms. 
Petals,  spreading,  reverse  egg-shape,  much  longer 
than  the  narrow,  pointed  sepals. 

Leaflets,  three  (or  sometimes  five),  usually  with  prickly 
stems,  not  whitish -downy  beneath.  Leaves  and 
branchlets  hairy  and  glandular.  Stems,  furrowed 
and  ridged,  and  armed  with  stout  curved  prickles. 

Fruit,  oblong,  black,  not  separating  when  ripe  from  the 
lengthened  receptacle.  August,  September. 

Found,  oftenest  along  roadsides  and  in  thickets.  Common. 
A  scraggly,  thorny  bush,  three  to  six  feet  high,  with  a 

very  pleasant-flavored  fruit.     A  tea  from  the  steeped  root 

is  a  home  remedy  for  summer  complaint. 

Rubus  villdsus,  var.  fronddsus,  Torr. 
This  variety  has  about  ten  flowers  in  a  cluster,  with 
petals  more  rounded  than  the  last,  is  smoother,  and  has 
fewer  drupelets  in  the  more  acid  fruit.      It  is  found  with 
the  type  at  the  North. 

Sand  Blackberry.     R.  cuneifblius,  Pursh. 

Flowers,  white  (sometimes  with  a  rose  tint).  Petals, 
large,  three  times  as  long  as  the  sepals,  in  two-  to 
four-blossomed  clusters.  May,  June. 

Leaflets,  three  (sometimes  five),  stemless,  somewhat  wedge- 
shape  and  reverse  egg-shape,  whitish-downy  beneath, 
edge  entire  toward  the  base.  Leaf-stems,  downy, 
often  prickly,  young  branches  downy  beneath.  Stems, 
round,  and  armed  with  stout,  re-curved  prickles. 


Rose  (Rosacece) 


Fig.  38.— Blackcap.     (R.  occidentalis,  L.) 


96  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Fruit,  black,  well-flavored.     July,  August. 

Found,  in  sandy  woods  of  southern  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania, southward  and  westward. 

A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high. 

(5)  Genus  ROSA,  Tourn.     (Rose.) 

Flowers,  with  five  reverse  egg-shape  or  reverse  heart- 
shape  petals.  Calyx-tube,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the 
throat,  urn-shaped.  Stamens,  many.  Pistils,  many, 
embedded  in  the  inner  surface  of  the  calyx-tube. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered),  alternate,  edge  of 
leaflets  toothed,  lower  edges  of  the  leaf-stem  with 
prominent  wings  (stipules). 

Fruit,  a  more  or  less  reddish  or  greenish  ball  ("  hip  ") 
enclosing  the  many  dry  one-seeded  seed-cases.  A 
covered  cluster  of  akenes. 


"  If  Jove  would  give  the  leafy  bowers 
A  queen  for  all  their  world  of  flowers, 
The  rose  would  be  the  choice  of  Jove, 
And  blush,  the  queen  of  every  grove." — TH.  MOORE. 

"  The  rose  doth  deserve  the  chiefest  and  most  princi- 
pall  place  among  all  flowers  whatsoever,  .  .  .  for  his 
beautie,  his  vertues,  and  his  flagrant  and  odoriferous 
smell. — Gerard's  Herball,  London,  1597. 

"  The  rose  is  the  honor  and  beautie  of  flowres, 
The  rose  is  the  care  and  the  love  of  the  Spring, 
The  rose  is  the  pleasure  of  the  'avenly  powers  : 
The  boy  of  faire  Venus,  Cythere's  darling, 
Doth  wrap  his  head  round  with  garlands  of  rose, 
When  to  the  daunces  of  the  Graces  he  goes." — 

Gerard's  Herball,  London,  1597. 


Rose  (  Rosace  <z)  97 

"  But  there  are  many  kinds  of  Roses  differing  either 
in  the  bignesse  of  the  flowers,  or  the  plant  itself,  roughnes 
or  smoothnes,  or  in  the  multitude  of  the  flowers,  or  in  the 
fewnesse,  or  else  in  color  and  smell." — Gerard's  Her  ball, 

London,  1597. 

• 

Shining  Rose.     R.  lucida,  Ehrh. 

Flowers,  pale  red,  generally  in  one  to  three  pairs.  Petals, 
large,  slightly  two-lobed.  Sepals,  spreading  after 
flowering,  presently  falling  away,  the  outer  ones 
often  with  two  small  lobes  ;  the  sepals  and  the  rounded 
receptacle  usually  hairy.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  smooth,  and  often  shining  above.  Leaf-stem, 
usually  somewhat  hairy,  and  with  spines  between  the 
"wings."  Leaflets,  mostly  seven,  acute  or  blunt, 
coarse-toothed,  stemless  except  the  end  one.  Stems, 
mostly  greenish.  Spines,  straight  or  sometimes 
hooked,  becoming  stout.  Prickles,  scattered. 

Fruit,  rounded,  red,  small,  depressed,  with  the  fruit-stem 
glandular-hairy. 

Found  widely   distributed    in    woods    and    thickets,    and 

waste  grounds. 
A  shrub  usually  one  to  three  feet  high. 

Low  Rose.     R.  hiimilis,  Marsh. 

This  species  is  quite  variable.      It  differs  from  the  last 
in  the  following  items  : 
Outer  Sepals,  always  more  or  less  lobed. 
Leaflets,  usually  thinner  and  paler. 
Stipules,  usually  narrow. 
Spines,  usually  straight  and  slender. 

Found,  mostly  in  dry  soil  from  Maine  to  Georgia,  and 
westward. 


98  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

Wild  Rose.     R.  mtida,  Willd. 

This    species    differs    from    R.    lucida    chiefly   in    the 
following  items  : 

Flowers,  solitary  (rarely  in  twos  or  threes).  Petals,  red. 
Sepals,  entire.  June. 

Leaflets,  usually  narrow  and  pointed  at  each  end,  nearly 
stemless  excepting  the  end  one.  Stems,  reddened 
by  their  dense  covering  of  straight  and  slender 
prickles. 

Fruit,  scarlet. 

Found,  in  swampy  ground  from  Newfoundland  to  New 
England  and  New  York. 

A  shrub  one  to  two  feet  high. 

Carolina  Rose.     Swamp  Rose.    R.  Carolina,  L. 
Flowers,    in    leafy    clusters    of   three  to  seven  blossoms, 
large,    red    to    white.       Petals,    slightly    two-lobed. 
Sepals,  spreading,  and  falling  away  after  flowering. 

Leaflets,  five  to  nine  (mostly  seven),  sharply  and  often 
doubly  fine-toothed,  dull  green,  not  shining  above, 
rather  variable  in  shape.  Prickles,  mostly  two  at  the 
base  of  each  leaf-stem. 

Fruit,  dark  red,  depressed  and  rounded. 

Found,  along  streams  and  in  swamps,  in  damp  woods  and 
thickets  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  and  westward. 

A  bushy  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high  with  reddish 
stalks.      A  very  variable  species. 

Fig-  39- — Bland  Rose.     R.  bldnda,  Ait. 

Flowers,  usually  large,  clustered  or  solitary.  Petals,  red- 
dish, with  a  small  notch  at  the  end.  Sepals,  entire, 
shorter  than  the  petals,  drawing  together  after  flow- 


Rose  (Rosacece) 


99 


Fig.  39.— Bland  Rose.     (R.  blanda,  Ait.) 


ioo  Rose  (Rosacece) 

ering,  and  not  falling  off.     Bracts,  under  the  blossom 
large  and  downy.     June. 

Leaflets,  five  to  seven,  toothed,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base, 
with  short  stems,  not  shining  above.  Leaf-stem,  un- 
armed. Stems,  with  a  reddish  bark.  Prickles,  none, 
or  few,  scattered  and  straight. 

Fruit,  rounded. 

Found,  among  rocks  and  on  open  hills  around  the  Great 
Lakes,  and  from  Newfoundland  to  Central  New  York. 

A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high. 

Sweet  Brier.     Eglantine.     {R.  rubiginbsa,  £,.] 

Flowers,  light  red,  mostly  solitary,  on  short,  bristly  stems, 
fragrant.  Sepals,  hairy,  with  slashed  or  toothed 
edge,  not  falling  off  in  ripening. 

Leaflets,  five  to  seven,  one  half  to  two  thirds  inches  long, 
usually  thickly  covered  beneath  with  resinous  glands, 
very  fragrant  when  crushed.  Leaf-stem,  hairy. 
Prickles,  mostly  strong  and  recurved. 

Fruit,  orange-red,  oblong  to  reverse  egg-shape. 

Found,  in  waste  fields  and  along  roadsides  from  South 
Carolina  and  Tennessee  northward.  Introduced 
from  Europe. 

A  stout  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high. 

(6)   Genus  PYRUS,  L.      (Chokeberry,  etc.) 
Fig.  40. — Chokeberry.     P.  arbutifblia,  L.  f. 

Flowers,  white  or  reddish,  in  clusters,  usually  of  about 
twelve  blossoms.  Petals,  five,  roundish.  Calyx,  urn- 
shaped.  Styles,  united  toward  the  base.  Calyx  and 
flower-stem  downy  when  young.  May,  June. 


Fig.  40.— Chokeberry.    (P.  arbutifolia,  L.  f.) 
Fig.  41.— Dogberry.     P.  nigra  (Marsh),  Sargent. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
SANTA  BARBARA 


T02  Rose  (Rosacecz) 

Leaves,  simple,  fine-toothed,  downy  beneath  when  young, 
marked  with  small  reddish  warts  along  the  midvein 
above,  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed  or 
blunt. 

Fruit,  dark  red  or  purple,  about  the  size  of  a  small  cur- 
rant, rounded  or  pear-shaped,  with  five  cells  and  ten 
seeds,  puckery.  A  berry-like  pome. 

Found,  in  damp  ground,  often  forming  extensive  thickets, 
common  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  and  westward. 

A  vigorous  shrub,  five  to  eight  feet  high. 

Fig.  41.— Dogberry.     P.  nlgra  (Marsh),  Sargent.      (P.  arbutifolia 
var.  melanocdrpa,  Hook.) 

This  variety  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items  : 

Sepals,  Flower-stems,  and  Leaves,  all  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Fruit,  larger,  black,  less  puckery  often  mistaken  by 
the  children  for  large  huckleberries  ;  ripening  earlier. 

Found,  often  in  dry  as  well  as  wet  ground. 
A  shrub  one  to  four  feet  high. 


FROM  NOTE  BOOK  : 
I.—"  What  do  you  call  that,  boys  ?  " 
Two  BOYS. — "  Dogberry.     It  ain't  good  to  eat !  " 
I. — It  is  n't  poisonous,  is  it  ?  " 
Two  BOYS. — Yes,  't  is. 

Where  the  boys  found  that  name  I  do  not  know,  nor 
do  I  know  their  reasons  for  thinking  the  berry  poisonous. 
They  may  have  experimented,  or,  as  men  sometimes  do 
in  greater  matters,  they  may  simply  have  repeated  a 
slanderous  tradition.  I  remember  that  as  a  boy  I  often 


Rose  ( Rosacece)  103 

found  the  little  shrub  growing  among  the  huckleberry 
bushes,  and  was  afraid  of  mistaking  its  berries  for  the 
safe  huckleberries.  Yet  I  never  heard  of  any  case  of 
poisoning  from  them.  I  imagine  that  the  boys  were  right 
in  considering  the  berry  not  desirable  for  food,  but  I 
doubt  their  estimate  of  its  poisonous  qualities. 

(7)  Genus  CRATJEGUS.     (Thorn.     Haw.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  strength,"  because  of  the  firmness  of  the  wood. 

Flowers,  white,  rarely  rose  color,  in  clusters.  Petals,  five, 
rounded.  Stamens,  many.  Calyx-tube,  urn-shaped. 
Styles,  one  to  five.  Seed-cases,  one  to  five. 

Leaves,  simple,  toothed,  often  with  deep  clefts,  almost 
forming  small  lobes.  Stems,  armed  with  thorns. 

Fruit,  fleshy,  with  one  to  five  stones,  crowned  by  the 
persistent  sepals.  A  drupe. 


Sir  John  Mandeville  visited  Palestine  in  the  I4th 
century.  There  he  saw  a  crown  which  was  said  to  be  the 
Saviour's  "  crown  o.f  thorns."  Hecommentsconcerningour 
Lord  and  the  crown  :  "  In  that  nyghte  that  He  was  taken, 
He  was  yled  into  a  gardyn  ;  and  there  He  was  first 
examyned  righte  scharply  ;  and  there  the  Jewes  scorned 
Hym,  and  maden  Hym  a  crowne  of  the  braunches  of  Albes- 
pyne,  that  is  White  Thorn,  that  grew  in  the  same  gardyn, 
and  setten  yt  on  His  head,  so  faste  and  so  sore,  that  the 
blood  ran  down  be  many  places  of  Hys  visage,  and  of 
Hys  necke,  and  of  Hys  schulders.  And  therefore  hath 
the  White  Thorn  many  vertues  ;  for  he  that  berethe  a 
braunche  on  him  thereof,  no  thondre,  ne  no  maner  of 
tempest  may  dere  him  ;  ne  in  the  hows  that  yt  is  inne 
may  non  evylle  gost  entre." 


104  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

"  'T  is  commonly  say'd,  in  Germany,  that  the  Witches 
doe  meet  in  the  night  before  the  first  day  of  May,  upon 
an  high  mountain  called  the  Blocks-berg ;  and  the  com- 
mon people  doe  the  night  before  ye  said  day  fetch  a 
certain  Thorn,  and  stick  it  at  their  house-door,  believing 
the  witches  can  then  doe  them  no  harm." — AUBREY. 

Fig.  42.— White  Thorn.    Scarlet-Fruited  Thorn.    Red  Haw. 
C.  cocdnea,  L. 

Flowers,  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  across,  white  (often 
with  a  rosy  tinge),  twelve  or  so  in  a  bunch,  with  a 
strong  and  rather  disagreeable  odor.  May. 

Leaves,  with  five  to  nine  deep  cuts,  almost  forming  small 
lobes,  usually  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches 
long,  but  variable  in  size  even  on  the  same  tree,  thin, 
smooth,  shining.  Base,  usually  slightly  pointed,  but 
often  blunt  or  slightly  heart-shaped.  Leaf-stem, 
slender  (in  var.  macracdntha,  Dudley,  stout),  and 
often  with  small  wart-like  glands.  Branchlets,  usually 
greenish,  or  whitish  as  though  washed  with  silver. 
Thorns,  one  to  two  inches  long,  stout,  often  whitish, 
usually  slightly  curved. 

Fruit,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  rounded  or  egg- 
shape  ;  bright  red  or  purple,  with  thin  pulp.  Some- 
what edible.  September. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  southward  to  Northern 

Florida  and  Eastern  Texas. 
A  shrub  (or  often  a  low  tree)  ten  to  twenty  feet  high, 

with  crooked  and  spreading  branches;    very  common  in 

the  North,  rare  in  the  South. 

Var .  mollis  T.  and  G.,  with  its  leaves  downy,  at  least  on 

the  under  side,  and  with  its  red  fruit  large  and  downy,  is 

found  from  Central  Michigan  southward  and  westward. 


Rose  (Rosacece) 


105 


Fig.  42.— White  Thorn.     (C.  coccinea,  L.)    (a)  Fruit. 
Fig-  43-— Black  Thorn.     (C.  tomentdsa,  L.) 


io6  Rose  (Rosacecz) 

Fig.  43. — Black  Thorn.     Pear  Thorn.     C.  tomentbsa,  L. 

Flowers,  often  one  inch  across,  white,  eight  to  twelve  in  a 
cluster,  fragrant.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  variable,  sometimes  with  quite  deep  and  sharp 
cuts,  almost  forming  small  lobes,  about  three  to  five 
inches  long,  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape,  tapering  in  a 
hollow  curve,  and  along  the  sides  of  the  leaf-stem  to 
a  point ;  under  surface  downy,  at  least  when  young, 
permanently  downy  on  the  veins.  Leaf -stem,  bor- 
dered by  the  leaf,  to  its  base.  Thorns,  one  to  two 
inches  long.  Bark  of  trunk  smooth  and  gray,  new 
twigs  light  greenish-brown. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter,  round  or  pear- 
shaped,  orange-red  or  crimson  ;  edible.  October. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  Western  Florida, 
and  far  westward  ;  common. 

A  thickly  branching  shrub  (or  small  tree)  eight  to 
twenty  feet  high,  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the 
American  Thorns.  It  varies  greatly  in  size  and  in  the 
style  of  its  fruit  and  leaves. 

Fig.  44.— Cockspur  Thorn.     C.  crus-gdlli,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  fragrant,  in  clusters  of  about  fifteen  blos- 
soms on  very  short  side  branchlets.  June. 

Leaves,  sharply  toothed  toward  the  apex,  entire  below, 
one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  thick,  very 
smooth,  and  shining  above,  reverse  egg-shape,  or 
reverse  lance-shape  to  somewhat  oval.  Apex,  usually 
rounded,  sometimes  pointed.  Base,  tapering  to  a 
point,  quite  variable.  Leaf-stem,  short.  Thorns, 
two  to  three  inches  long,  rather  slender,  and  straight. 


Rose  (  Rosacece) 


107 


Fig.  44. — Cockspur  Thorn.     (C.  crus-galli.  L.)    (a)  Fruit. 
Fig-  45-— Dwarf  Thorn.     (C.  unifldra,  Munch.)     (b)  Fruit. 


io8  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

Fruit,  about  one  third  inch  in  diameter,  pear-shape  or 
round,  red,  remaining  during  the  winter. 

Found,  along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  westward,  and  from 
Vermont  southward  and  westward  ;  not  common. 

A  thick-branching  shrub  (or  small  tree)  ten  to  twenty 
feet  high.      It  is  the  best  species  of  thorn  for  hedges. 

Fig.  45. — Dwarf  Thorn.     C.  uniflbra,  Munch      C.  parvifblia,  Ait. 

Flowers,  solitary,  or  two  or  three  together,  appearing 
with  the  leaves.  Sepals,  downy,  with  edges  slashed 
or  toothed,  as  long  as  the  petals.  Styles,  five. 
Flower-stems,  very  short,  downy.  April,  May. 

Leaves,  thick,  downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth  and 
shining  above,  one  half  to  one  and  one  half  inches 
long,  nearly  stemless.  Branchlets,  downy.  Thorns, 
straight  and  slender. 

Fruit,  round  or  pear-shape,  yellowish,  about  one  half 
inch  in  diameter  ;  edible. 

Found,  in  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
A  scraggy  shrub,  three  to  six  feet  high. 


The  English  Hawthorn  (C.  oxyacdntha,  L.)  is  often 
found  in  cultivation  ;  rarely  naturalized  and  growing  wild. 

(8)  Genus  AMELANCHIER,  Medik.     (June-berry.) 

Fig.  46. — June-berry.  Shad-bush.  May  Cherry.  Service  Tree. 

A.  Canadttnsis  (L.),  Medik. 

Flowers,  large,  white,  in  long,  loose  clusters  at  the  ends 
of  the  branchlets,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 
Petals,  lengthened.  Sepals,  downy  within.  Stamens, 
numerous,  and  short.  Styles,  five,  united  below. 


Calycanthus  (Calycanthizcece)         109 

i 


Fig.  46.— June-berry.     A.  Canadensis  (L.),  Medik.     (a)  Fruit. 
Fig.  47.— Sweet-scented  Shrub.     (C.  nanus,  Loisel.) 


no        Calycanthus  (Calycanthacece) 

Seed-case,  five-celled,  but  becoming  ten-celled  by  false 
partitions,  with  ten  young  seeds,  only  a  part  of 
which  sometimes  ripen. 

Leaves,  variable,  long  egg-shape  to  reverse  egg-shape. 
Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  rounded.  Apex,  some- 
times bristle-pointed,  usually  two  to  three  inches 
long,  somewhat  downy  when  young,  afterward  very 
smooth  above  and  below.  Bark,  of  branches  and 
twigs  usually  purplish-brown  and  very  smooth. 

Fruit,  berry-like,  round,  purplish,  sweet,  and  edible.  A 
pome.  June,  August. 

Found,    in    woods   and    along  streams,    common   in   the 

North,  rare  in  the  South. 

A  shrub  (or  sometimes  tree),  five  to  thirty  feet  high. 
A.  spicata  (Lam.)  Dec.  (  Var.  oblongifblia,    Torr.  and 

G.),    A.  oligocdrpa    (Michx.)    Roem.,   and    A.   alnifblia, 

Nutt.,  are  smaller  forms  found  northward. 


The  name  "  shad-bush  "  is  given  because  the  shrub 
blossoms  about  the  time  the  shad  "  run." 

15.  Family  CALYCANTHACECE.  (Calycanthus  Fam.) 
Genus  CALYCANTHUS,  L. 

Fig.  47.— Sweet-scented  Shrub.     Carolina  All-spice. 

C.  nanus,  LoiseL      (C.  lavagcitus,  Willd.) 

Flowers,  reddish-brown,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
fragrant  when  crushed.  Petals  and  sepals,  similar  in 
color,  lance-shape,  rather  thick  and  fleshy,  numerous 
in  several  rows,  and  all  united  below  into  a  fleshy 
cup  or  tube.  Stamens,  usually  about  twelve.  Seed- 
cases,  few  or  many,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube.  May, 
August. 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacecz)  m 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules,  oblong, 
thin.  Apex,  blunt  or  taper-pointed,  smooth  or  nearly 
so  on  both  sides. 

Fruit,  many  times  larger  than  that  of  the  rose,  which  it 
somewhat  resembles,  enclosing  the  one-seeded  seed- 
case  ( ach~enia) ,  dry  when  ripe.  A  covered  cluster  of 
achenes. 

Found,  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

A    shrub    with    aromatic    bark,    foliage,   and   flowers. 
The  flowers  when  crushed  have  a  "  strawberry  "  odor. 


C.  floridus,  with  larger  flowers  and  oval  leaves  downy 
beneath,  is  often  found  in  cultivation,  but  wild  only  in  the 
South. 

1 6.   Family  SAXIFRAGACE^.     (Saxifrage  Fam.) 

Flowers,  in  clusters.  Petals,  separate,  four  to  five  [absent  in  Hydran- 
gea (i)],  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the  calyx.  Sepals,  as  many 
as  the  petals.  Seed-case,  adherent  to  the  calyx.  Young  Seeds, 
small,  many. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate  or  opposite,  toothed  or  lobed. 

Fruit,  one-  to  two-celled,  many-seeded.     A  capsule  or  a  berry. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Leaves  opposite.  (i)  Hydrangea. 

"      alternate,  edge  fine-toothed  ;  Fruit,  a  capsule.  (2)  Itea 

'     lobed  ;  Fruit,  a  juicy  berry.  (3)  Rlbes  (Currant,  etc.). 

(i)  Genus  HYDRANGEA,  L. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "water  "  and  "  vase  "  because  of  the  shape  of 
the  capsule. 

Fig.  48.— Wild  Hydrangea.     //.  arbordscens,  L. 
Flowers,  in  clusters,  those  in  the  margin  usually  without 
petals,  stamens,  or  pistils,  and  with  colored  sepals  ; 
central   flowers  white,   becoming    rosy,    fertile,   with 


n2  Saxifrage  (Saxifragacecz) 

four  or  five  egg-shaped  petals,  and  twice  as  many 
stamens.  Styles,  two,  diverging.  Seed-case,  two- 
beaked  and  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube. 

Leaves,  opposite,  toothed,  without  stipules,  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  egg-shape,  or  rarely  heart-shaped.  Apex, 
pointed. 

Fruit,  fifteen-ribbed,  two-beaked,  crowned  with  the  two 
styles,  two-celled  in  the  lower  part,  opening  by  a 
hole  between  the  beaks.  A  many-seeded  capsule. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania  westward  and  southward. 

A  very  beautiful  shrub,  five  or  six  feet  high,  often 
cultivated  for  its  abundant  flower  clusters. 

(2)  Genus  ITEA,  Gronov. 

Greek  name  of  the  "  willow." 
Fig.  49.— ftea.     I.  Virgfnica,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  in  somewhat  spike-like,  terminal  clusters, 
small.  Petals,  five,  separate,  lance-shaped,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens,  five,  shorter  than 
the  petals.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  fine-toothed,  with  short  stems, 
without  stipules. 

Fruit,  oblong,  two-grooved,  two-celled,  tipped  with  the 
two  united  styles,  when  ripe  two-parted.  Seeds, 
eight  to  twelve,  oval  and  somewhat  flattened.  A 
capsule. 

Found,  in  wet  places,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and 
southward. 

A  shrub  about  six  feet  high. 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacece)  \  \  3 


Fig.  48.— Wild  Hydrangea.     (H.  arbor6scens,  L.) 


ii4          Saxifrage  (Saxtfragacecz) 

(3)  Genus  RIBES,  L.      (Gooseberry,  Currant.) 

Flowers,  small,  white,  greenish,  or  purple.    .Petals,  five.     Stamens,  five. 

Calyx,  often  colored.     Seed-case,  united  to  the  calyx,  one-cell  ed, 

many-seeded.     Styles,  two,  distinct  or  united. 
Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edges  lobed,  the  lobes  more  or  less  toothed 

folded  fan-like  in  the  bud.     Stem,  smooth  in  the  currants,  in  the 

gooseberry  with  spines,  and  often  with  prickles. 
fruit,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  many-seeded.     A  berry 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Flowers,  greenish  or  purplish.     Stems  with  thorns  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stems,  and 

usually  with  scattered  prickles,     (i  to  5)  gooseberries. 
Flowers,  whitish.     Stems  without  thorns  or  prickles.     (6  and  7)  currants. 

Fig.  50. — (i)  Prickly  Gooseberry.    R.  cyndsbati,  L. 

Flowers,  greenish-white,  drooping  in  clusters  of  one  to 
three  blossoms.  Lobes  of  the  calyx,  much  shorter 
than  its  tube.  Stamens,  and  undivided  Style,  not 
longer  than  the  calyx.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  three-  to  five-lobed.  Leaf-stem,  downy.  Stems, 
mostly  without  scattered  prickles,  but  with  one  to 
three  spines  near  the  axil  of  each  leaf. 

Fruit,  large,  usually  armed  with  long  prickles,  brownish- 
purple  ;  edible. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  northward 
and  westward  ;  common. 

A  shrub  about  four  feet  high. 

(2)  Common  Wild  Gooseberry.  R.  oxyacanthotdes,  L. 
Flowers,  greenish  or  purplish,  in  drooping  clusters  of  one 
to  three  blossoms.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  much  longer 
than  the  short  tube.  Stamens,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  broadly  oblong  calyx-lobes.  Style,  two-cleft. 
Flower-stems,  short.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  roundish,  heart-shaped,  three-  to  five-lobed.   Spines, 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacece)          115 


5*0 


Fig.  49.— Itea.   (I.  Virginica,  L.) 
Fig.  50. — Prickly  Gooseberry.     (R.  cyndsbati,  L.) 


n6  Saxifrage  (Saxifragacece) 

whitish,  and  often  numerous.     Old  bark,  often  pealing 

off  and  leaving  the  stems  unarmed. 
Fruit,  smooth,  purple,  sweet. 
Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  New  Jersey,  and  westward. 

(3)  Round-Leaved  Gooseberry.    R.  rotundifblium,  Michx. 
This  species  differs  from  the  common  wild  gooseberry 
chiefly  in  these  items  : 
Stamens,    somewhat    longer    than     the    spatulate-oblong 

calyx-lobes. 

Leaves,  roundish,  and  not  usually  heart-shaped  at  base. 
Found,  from  western  Massachusetts  and  New  York  south- 
ward. 

(4)  Missouri  Gooseberry.    R.  grdrilc,  Michx. 
This  species  differs  from  the  common  wild  gooseberry 
chiefly  in  these  items  : 
Stamens,  becoming  much  longer  than  the  narrowly  oblong 

calyx-lobes. 
Leaves,  roundish. 
Spines,  often  long,  stout,  and  red. 
Found,  from  Michigan  to  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

Fig.  51.— (5)  Swamp  Gooseberry.     R.  lactistre,  Poir. 

Flowers,  in  a  drooping  cluster  of  five  to  eight  blossoms, 
greenish,  small,  flattened. '  Stamens  and  style  not 
longer  than  the  petals.  Style,  two-cleft.  May. 

Leaves,  heart-shaped,  three-  to  five-lobed.  Young  stems, 
covered  thickly  with  reddish  prickles  and  with  slim 
thorns.  Old  stems,  slightly  armed  with  a  few  spines. 

Fruit,  dark-purple,  small,  bristly,  unpleasant  to  the  taste. 

Found,  in  cold  woods  and  swamps  from  New  England 
northward  and  westward. 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacece)  117 


Fig.  51. — Swamp  Gooseberry.     (R.  lacustre,  Poir.) 
Fig.  52.— Wild  Red  Currant.    (R.  rubrum,  L.,  var.  subglanduldsum,  Maxim.) 


1 1 8        Witch- Hazel  ( H amamelidece ) 

(6)  Wild  Black  Currant.     R.  floridum,  L'Her. 
Flowers,  large,   whitish,  in   drooping,   downy  clusters  of 

many  blossoms.      Calyx,  tubular,  bell-shape,  smooth. 

Petals,   fringed   toward    the    base.      Stamens,    short. 

Flower-stems,    downy.      Bracts,  narrow,  and   longer 

than  the  flower-stems.     May,  June. 
Leaves,  three-  to  five-lobed,  the  surface  marked  on  both 

sides  with  yellowish,  resinous  dots.     Stems,  without 

thorns  or  prickles,  grayish. 

Fruit,  somewhat  egg-shape,  insipid,  black,  and  smooth. 
Found,    in    woods   and    hedges   from    New    England   to 

Virginia,  and  westward. 
A  handsome  and  common  bush  three  to  four  feet  high. 

Fig.  52. — (7)  Wild  Red  Currant.      R.  rbbrum,  Z.,  var.  subglan- 
dulbsum,  Maxim. 

This   species   differs    from    the    Black    Currant    ( R. 
floridum)  chiefly  in  these  items  : 
Flower-clusters,  less  downy.      Calyx,  flat. 
Leaves,  often  with  less  pointed  lobes. 
Fruit,  round,  red. 
Found,  in  swamps  and  damp  woods  from   New  Jersey 

northward  and  westward. 
A  shrub  with  straggling  and  sometimes  reclining  stems. 

17.  Family  HAMAMELIDE^E.     (Witch-Hazel  Fam.) 

Genus  HAMAM£LIS,  L. 
Fig.  53.— Witch  Hazel.     H.  Virginica,  L. 

Flowers,  stemless,  bright-yellow,  in  clusters  of  three  to 
four  blossoms,  blooming  profusely  about  the  time  of 
the  ripening  of  the  leaf.  Petals,  four,  separate,  about 


Witck-I lazel  (  H amamelidece )       119 


(a; 


(c; 


Fi£-  S3-— Witch-Hazel.     (H.  Virgfnica,  L.) 

(a)  Fruit.       (^)  Flower-cluster.        (c)  Single  blossom. 


120       Witch-Hazel  (Hamamelidece) 

three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  very  narrow  (strap- 
like)  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Sepals,  four,  downy. 
Stamens,  eight,  very  short,  four  of  them  perfect,  with 
anthers,  the  others  imperfect  and  scale-like.  Styles, 
two,  short.  Pistils,  two,  united  below,  so  forming  a 
seed-case  which  is  two-beaked,  two-celled,  two-  to 
several-seeded,  and  partly  adherent  to  the  calyx. 
The  brown  scale-like  remains  of  the  flower  envelopes 
remain  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  next  year. 
October,  November. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edge  strongly  wavy,  at  times 
with  some  of  the  waves  sharpened,  three  to  five 
inches  long,  rounded,  .oval,  or  inversely  egg-shape. 
Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  and  unequal.  Apex, 
sometimes  round  and  sometimes  with  a  slight  blunted 
point,  sometimes  roughened  with  small  brown  hairs 
along  the  back  of  the  veins,  shiny  underneath,  dark 
green  above,  veins  straight. 

Fruit,  two-celled,  with  two  large,  hard  seeds  (a  favorite 
food  of  the  partridges),  ripening  in  the  summer  from 
the  previous  autumn's  flowers.  A  nut-like  capsule. 
September. 

Found,  in  damp  woods,  very  widely  distributed. 

A  shrub  six  to  twelve  feet  high,  with  long  straggling 
stems  and  branches,  well  worthy  of  cultivation  because  of 
its  uniqueness  throughout. 


Riding  one  day  in  a  slow  stage  across  the  hills  of 
Central  New  York,  a  fellow-passenger — a  lady — gave  me 
this  bit  of  information  :  "Once  when  my  grandfather  was 
seriously  sick,  there  came  to  visit  him  an  Oneida  Indian, 
who  prescribed  for  him  to  his  great  relief.  Afterward  he 


Witch-Pi azel  (  H amamelidece  ) 


121 


learned  from  the  Indian  what  the  medicine  was, — that  it 
was  an  extract  of  Witch-Hazel,  and  received  directions 
for  its  preparation.  He  prepared  it  and  sold  it. very 
widely,  calling  it  from  his  own  name  '  Pond's  Extract.' 
Now  the  receipt  and  all  rights  are  held  by  a  New  York 
and  London  Company  called  the  '  Pond's  Extract  Co.'  " 

One  reason  for  the  popular  name  of  the  plant  is  faith 
in  its  power  of  indicating  the  presence  of  hidden  springs. 
A  man  slowly  paces  the  ground  holding  a  switch  of  the 
hazel.  Presently  he  thinks  he  feels  the  stick  turning 
strongly  in  his  grasp.  He  digs  at  the  spot  indicated, 
very  likely  finds  water — if  he  digs  far  enough, — and  so 
has  his  belief  confirmed. 

The  slender  branches  are  very  tough — "awful  tough, 
so  's  you  can  tie  up  rails  with  'em  " — as  a  man  once  de- 
scribed them  to  me. 

"  Among  the  crimson  and  yellow  hues  of  the  falling 
leaves,  there  is  no  more  remarkable  object  than  the 
Witch-Hazel  in  the  moment  of  parting  with  its  foliage, 
putting  forth  a  profusion  of  showy  yellow  blossoms,  and 
giving  to  November  the  counterfeited  appearance  of 
spring." 

It  is  by  far  the  most  unique  and  weird-like  of  all  our 
shrubs.  It  deserves  its  name. 

You  tangled  bush 
With  frost-killed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers 

That  outward  push 
In  spite  of  ice  and  autumn  hours  ; 
You  weird,  wild  thing  o'-th'-woods 
Ycleped  witch-hazel,  broods 
A  ghoul,  I  fear, 
Within  you  here, 


1 22  Ginseng  (A  raliacece) 

With  witch-power  fell, 

That  's  proof  'gainst  book  and  bell  ;— 
Else  how,  'mid  early  ice  and  snow 

And  killing  cold, 
Can  petal-lines  of  living  gold 

Unfold  them  so  ? 
Unless,  indeed,  you  hazel  wild, 

Your  heart  like  mine, 
Has  learned  at  last  the  lesson  mild, 

The  law  divine, 

That  ice  nor  snow 

Nor  winds  that  blow 

Can  freeze  the  flowers 

That  glow 

In  happy  hearts,  and  hazel  bowers,— 
That  glow  alike  in  darkest  night 

And  days  of  light ; 

You  hazel-bush,  whose  yellow  flowers, 
Are  spring-time  smiles  in  autumn  hours. 

18.  Family  ARALlACE^E.     (Ginseng  Fam.) 
Genus  ARALIA,  Tourn. 

Fig.  54.— Angelica  Tree.    Hercules'  Club.    Devil's  Walking- 
Stick.     A.  spinbsa,  L. 

Flowers,  small  and  whitish,  in  large  loose  clusters  above 
the  leaves  at  the  top  of  the  tree.  Petals,  five,  not 
united.  Stamens,  five,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Styles,  five.  Seed-case,  adherent  to  the  calyx,  five- 
celled,  five-seeded.  July,  August. 

Leaves,  twice  or  thrice  compound,  odd-feathered,  alternate, 
about  three  feet  long  and  one  and  one  half  feet  wide. 
Leaflets,  very  numerous,  one  and  a  half  to  three 
inches  long,  sharp-toothed,  egg-shape.  Base,  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped.  Apex,  pointed,  very  prickly, 
rough  above  and  below.  Leaf -stem  and  leaflet-stems, 


54- — Angelica  Tree.    (A.  spindsa,  L.) 

Part  of  the  compound  leaf. 


124  Dogwood  (Cornacece) 

beset  with  remote  prickles.     Stems  and  branches,  set 

with  short,  stout  prickles. 
Fruit,    black    or    dark    purple,     five-celled,     five-seeded, 

crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx  and  styles. 

A  berry-like  drupe. 
Found,  on  river  banks  and  in  damp  woods,  Pennsylvania, 

and  Ohio,  and  southward,  and  often  in  cultivation. 
A  shrub  or  small  tree  eight  to  twelve  feet  high,  with 
the  great  compound  leaves  mostly  crowded  toward  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  and  fierce  with  its  club-like  prickly 
stems.  In  the  South  it  gains  a  height  sometimes  of 
twenty  to  thirty  feet,  with  straight,  bare  trunk,  showing  a 
more  palm-like  style  than  any  other  of  our  trees. 

19.   Family  CORNACE^.     (Dogwood  Fam.) 
Genus  CORNUS,  Tourn.      (Dogwood,  Cornel.) 

From  a  word  meaning  "  horn,"  referring  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood. 

Flowers,  whitish,  small,  in  flat  or  convex  clusters.  Petals, 
four,  not  united,  oblong,  spreading.  Calyx,  minutely 
four-toothed.  Stamens,  four.  Style,  one.  Seed-case, 
one,  adherent  to  the  calyx,  two-celled,  two-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite  (except  in  C.  alter nif olio),  entire. 
Veins,  prominent,  strongly  and  regularly  curved. 
Bark,  bitter  and  tonic. 

Fruit,  small,  rounded,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the 
flowers  ;  berry-like,  with  a  two-celled  and  two-seeded 
stone.  A  berry-like  drupe. 

Fig-  55- — Round- Leaved  Cornel.     Round-Leaved  Dogwood. 

C.  circinata,  L'Her. 

Flowers,  in  flat  loose  clusters.     June. 

Leaves,  round,  oval,  three  to  five  inches  long,  larger  than 
in  any  other  of  the  Dogwoods,  thickly  white  woolly 
beneath.  Branches,  greenish,  dotted  with  warts. 

Fruit,  light  blue,  soft,  hollow  at  the  base.     September. 


Dogwood  (  Cornacece)  \  2  5 


F»K-  55- — Round-Leaved  Cornel.     (C.  circinata,  L'Her.) 


i26  Dogwood  (Cornacece) 

Found,    from     Maryland    westward    and    northward,    on 

shady  banks,  and  in  thickets. 

A    shrub    four    to    ten    feet    high,   with   straight  and 
slender  branches. 

Silky  Cornel  or  Dogwood.     Kinnikinnik.     C.  sericea,  L. 

Flowers,  in  flat  and  close  clusters.     June. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long  and  half  as  broad,  narrow 
egg-shape  to  lance-shape.  Base,  rounded  and  some- 
times tapering,  silky  downy  beneath.  Branches, 
purplish.  Young  shoots,  dark  red.  Branchlets  and 
stalks,  silky  downy. 

Fruit,  blue. 

Found,  in  wet  ground,  United  States  and  Canada. 
A  shrub  three  to  ten  feet  high. 
Long- Leaved  Cornel  or  Dogwood.     C.  asperifblia,  Michx. 

Flowers,  in  flat  clusters. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  and  oblong.  Apex,  pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  pointed,  rough  above,  soft  downy  be- 
neath. Leaf-stem,  rough  and  rather  short.  Branches, 
brownish.  Branchlets,  rough. 

Fruit,  white,  rounded,  often  with  red  stems. 

Found,  from  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Erie  to  Minne- 
sota, and  southward. 
A  tall  shrub. 
Red-Osier  Dogwood  or  Cornel.     C.  stolonffera,  Michx. 

Flowers,  in  small,  flat,  and  smooth  clusters  of  rather  few 
and  loosely  arranged  blossoms. 

Leaves,  broad  egg-shape.  Base,  rounded.  Apex,  short- 
pointed,  minutely  downy  above,  whitish  downy  be- 
neath. Branches  and  branchlets,  smooth  ;  the  shcots 
(and  usually  the  branches)  reddish-purple — toward 
the  end  of  winter  almost  blood-red. 


Dogwood  (  Cornacece)  \  2  7 

Fruit,  white  or  bluish-white. 

Found,  in  wet  places  ;  common,  especially  northward. 

A  shrub  three  to  six  feet  high,  with  slender,  spreading 
branches.  It  multiplies  freely  by  sending  up  long,  wand- 
like  shoots — "  suckers  " — soon  forming  broad  clumps. 

Panicled    Cornel    or    Dogwood.       C.   candidissima,   Marsh.      C. 
panicul&ta,  L'Her. 

Flowers,   in    many  small,  loose,  convex,  or  cone-shaped 

clusters.  May,  June. 
Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  long  oval. 

Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base,  acute  or  rounded,  whitish 

beneath,    not    downy.       Branches,   grayish,    smooth. 

Shoots,  chestnut-color. 
Fruit,  white,  rounded,  the  size  of  peas,  with  the  stalk, 

when  ripe,  of  a  pale  scarlet.     August,  September. 

Found,  in  thickets,  along  river  banks,  etc.  ;  common. 

A  shrub  four  to  ten  feet  high,  much  branching,  showy, 
with  its  abundant  flower  and  fruit  clusters. 

Alternate-Leaved  Cornel  or  Dogwood.     C.  alternifblia,  L.  f. 
Flowers,  in  wide  open  clusters.      May,  June. 
Leaves,   alternate,    mostly   clustered   at   the  ends    of   the 
branches,  egg-shape    to   reverse  egg-shape.       Apex, 
pointed.       Base,    pointed,   minutely  downy   beneath. 
Branches,    greenish,    oftenest    marked    with    white, 
warty  streaks. 
Fruit,  rounded,  deep  blue  or  black  on  reddish  fruit-stalks, 

much  liked  by  the  birds.     August. 

Found,  from  Georgia  and  Alabama,  northward  and  west- 
ward. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  beauti- 
ful in  cultivation.  The  bark  forms  one  of  the  "  Quaker 
medicines,"  being  considered  diaphoretic  and  astringent. 


• 


CLASS  FIRST— CONTINUED 

(A  ngiospermcE) 


Division  II 

PETALS  MOSTLY  UNITED 
( Gamopttalous) 


129 


20.  Family  CAPRIFOLlACE^.    (Honeysuckle  Fam.) 

Flowers,  variously  clustered.  Corolla  of  united  petals,  tubular  or 
wheel-shaped,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens,  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  it.  Seed-case,  two-  to  five- 
celled,  adherent  to  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  simple  or  compound,  opposite. 

Fruit,  a  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(a)  Leaves  compound.  (i)  Sambucus  (Elders). 

(a)  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed  (except  } 

in  Withe-rod)  corolla  regular,  fruit  a  V  (2)  Viburnum  (Arrow-woods,  etc.). 

one-seeded  drupe.  j 

(a)  Leaves  simple,  entire. 

(b)  Corolla  regular  ;    fruit  a  two-seeded  |  (3)  Symphoricdrpos  (Snowberry,  etc.). 

it   '    tW°-   t0     (4)  Lonicera  (Fly-Honeysuckles.) 


(a)  Leaves    simple,     toothed  ;     corolla    only  ) 

slightly  irregular  ;    fruit  a   many-  1-  (5)  Diervilla  (Bush-Honeysuckle). 
seeded  capsule.  ) 

(i)  Genus   SAMBUCUS,   Tourn.     (Elder.) 
Fig.  56.  —  Common  Elder.     S.  Canaddnsis,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  small,  with  a  heavy  odor,  in  clusters  that 
are  flat,  five  to  seven  times  parted,  and  five  to  eight 
inches  in  diameter.  Corolla,  five-cleft,  with  the  lobes 
blunt.  Calyx,  small.  Stamens,  five.  May,  July. 

Leaves,    compound,    opposite.        Leaflets,    five    to    eleven 

(oftenest  seven),  two  to  four  inches  long,  egg-shape 

to  oblong  and  reverse  egg-shape,  mostly  smooth,  the 

lower  ones   often  two-  or  three-parted,  with  a  rank 

130 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         131 


Fig.  56. — Common  Elder.     (S.  Canad6nsis,  L.)     (a)  Flower  enlarged. 


132         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

odor  when  crushed.  Leaf-stems,  smooth.  Bark, 
warty,  that  of  the  new  shoots  bright  green,  that  of 
the  older  branches  purplish-brown,  or  in  winter  light 
grayish.  Branches,  swollen  at  the  joints.  Pith, 
abundant  and  white. 

Fruit,  small,  black-purple  when  ripe,  round,  pulpy,  abun- 
dant, three-seeded,  with  dark,  crimson  juice.  August, 
September. 

Found,  in  waste  places,  often  forming  thickets ;  very  com- 
mon north,  south,  east,  and  west. 

A  shrub  six  to  ten  feet  high,  with  weak,  pithy,  large- 
jointed  branches.  "In  domestic  medicine  this  plant 
forms  almost  a  pharmacy  in  itself,"  flowers,  leaves,  leaf- 
buds,  inner-bark,  berries — all  are  used.  Elder-blow  tea 
(an  infusion  of  the  flowers),  when  cold,  is  alterative  and 
laxative  ;  when  hot,  an  excitant.  The  inner  bark  is  used 
in  preparing  ointments ;  the  juice  of  the  berries  makes  a 
cooling  laxative  drink,  and  is  made  also  into  a  medicinal 
"elder-berry  wine."  The  berries  are  used  in  cookery. 
The  unopened  flower-buds  are  pickled  and  used  as  a  good 
substitute  for  "capers."  An  infusion  of  the  juice  forms 
a  delicate  test  for  the  presence  of  acids  and  alkalies.  The 
pith  of  the  stems  furnishes  the  best  pith  balls  for  electrical 
experiments. 

Red-berried  Elder.     S.  pitbens,  Michx.     S.  racembsa.  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 

Flowers,  in  egg-shaped  or  pyramidal  clusters.      May. 
Leaflets,  five  to  seven  (oftenest  five),  long  oval  to  lance- 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         133 

shape,  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  very  downy  when 
young. 

Leaf -stem,  downy  beneath  when  young,  often  purple  above. 
Pith,  brown. 

Fruit,    bright    red    (or   rarely   white)  with    a  yellowish, 
unpleasant-tasting  pulp.     June. 

Found,  from  Georgia  northward  and  westward. 
A  shrub  two  to  eighteen  feet  high. 

(2)  Genus  VIBURNUM,  L.     (Arrow-wood,  etc.) 

Flowers,  white,  in  flat,  compound  clusters.  Corolla,  spreading,  and 
deeply  five-lobed.  Calyx,  five-toothed,  the  lobes  blunt.  Stamens, 
five.  Stigmas,  one  to  three.  Seed-cases,  one-  to  three-celled. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  toothed  (excepting  in  species  No.  8,  Withe- 
rod),  lobed  in  No.  2,  Cranberry  Tree  ;  No.  3,  Few-Flowered  Vi- 
burnum ;  and  No.  4,  Dockmackie. 

Fruit,  soft,  pulpy,  one-celled,  one-seeded.     A  one-seeded  drupe. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

(a)  Flower-clusters  with  the  outer  blossoms  imperfect  (destitute  of  stamens  and 
pistils). 

(b]  Leaves  not  lobed  (r)  Hobble-Bush. 

(b)  leaves  three-lobed  (2)  Cranberry  Tree, 

(a)  Flower-clusters  with  the  blossoms  perfect 


(  (3)  Few-Flowered  Viburnum  ; 

1  (4)  Dockmackie. 
(l>)  Leaves  not  lobed. 

(c)  Edge   coarsely   toothed,    clusters  J  v<  ^  1T° y~W°°    ' 

stalked  (  (71  Downy  Viburnum. 

tJlVA  ,-  ,  j  (8)  Withe-rod  ( V.  nuduni) ; 

(c)  Edge  entire  or  nearly  so  j  y  Withe-rod  (V.  cassinoides). 

(c)  Edge  fine-toothed,  clusters  sessile  (10)  Black  Haw. 


134        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

Fig-  57-— (0  Hobble-Bush.      American  Wayfaring  Tree. 

V.  lantanbides,  Michx. 

Flowers,  in  a  sessile  cluster,  the  outer  ones  showy  and 
imperfect,  lacking  pistils  and  stamens,  and  with  the 
flat  corollas  much  enlarged  (nearly  one  inch  across)  ; 
greenish,  changing  to  white  ;  with  five  rounded  lobes  ; 
the  inner  flowers  much  smaller  and  perfect.  May. 

Leaves,  four  to  eight  inches  across.  Veins  and  vetnlets, 
beneath,  and  the  leaf-stems  very  brown-scurfy. 

Fruit,  egg-shape,  bright  red,  becoming  almost  black,  not 
acid.  Stone,  grooved.  September. 

Found,  in  cool,  damp  woods,  from  Pennsylvania  north- 
ward. 

A  very  straggling  shrub  about  five  feet  high,  its  long, 
almost  rope-like  branches  often  reclining  and  taking  root, 
so  forming  troublesome  "  hobbles  "  for  any  careless  way- 
farer among  them. 


Fig.  58.— (2)  Bush  Cranberry.      Cranberry  Tree.      High 
Cranberry.     V.  dpulus,  L. 

Flower -clusters,  three  to  four  inches  across,  resembling  the 
last,  but  not  sessile.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  three  and  one  half  to  five  inches  wide,  strongly 
three-veined  from  the  base  ;  three-lobed,  the  lobes 
more  or  less  toothed  along  the  sides,  entire  in  the 
hollows.  Base,  broad,  wedge-shaped,  rounded,  or 
squared.  Leaf -stem,  with  small,  wart-like  glands  near 
the  upper  end.  Stipules,  almost  thread-like. 


135  Fig.  57.— Hobble-Bush.     (V.  lantanoides,  Michx.) 


136         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacecz) 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  cranberry,  round  or  egg-shape, 
light  red,  acid,  ripening  late  and  remaining  after  the 
leaves  have  fallen.  Stone,  very  flat,  not  grooved. 
September. 

Found,  in  borders  of  fields  and  along  streams  from  Penn- 
sylvania northward  and  westward. 

A  handsome  shrub  three  to  ten  feet  high,  showy  in 
flower  and  in  fruit,  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  The  fruit, 
in  appearance  and  in  taste  is  somewhat  like  the  cran- 
berry, as  a  poor  substitute  for  which  it  is  often  used. 


The  common  garden  "  snowball "  or  "  Guelder  rose  " 
is  a  cultivated  form  of  this  species,  with  all  the  blossoms 
in  the  round  clusters  changed  to  the  larger  imperfect 
form, — clusters  that  are  described  by  Cowper  as 

"  Silver  globes,  light  as  the  foamy  surf 
That  the  wind  severs  from  the  broken  wave." 


(3)  Few-Flowered  Viburnum.      V.  pauciflbrum,  Pylaie. 

Flowers,  in  small  clusters  of  few  blossoms  on  short  side 
branches. 

Leaves,  somewhat  three-lobed  toward  the  end,  rounded, 
mostly  with  five  veins  from  the  base. 

Fruit,  much  as  in  the  preceding  species. 

Found,  occasionally  in  the  mountains  of  New  England, 
and  northward  and  westward. 

A  small,  straggling  bush,  nearly  smooth  throughout. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)        137 


Fig.  58.— Bush  Cranberry.     (V.  tfpulus,  L.) 


138         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

Fig.  59. — (4)  Dockmackie.      Maple-Leaved  Arrow-wood. 

V.  acerifblium,  L. 

Flowers,  all  perfect,  in  small,  flat,  terminal,  long-stemmed 
clusters.  Stamens,  extending  beyond  the  corolla. 
May,  June. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  closely  resembling  in 
shape  the  leaf  of  the  red  maple  ;  strongly  three- 
veined  from  the  base,  soft-downy  beneath.  Base, 
rounded  or  heart-shaped.  Bark,  yellowish-green. 

Fruit,  crimson,  changing  to  dark-purple  or  black,  dis- 
agreeable to  the  taste.  Stone,  thin,  of  the  shape  of  a 
double  convex-lens,  scarcely  grooved. 

Found,  in  cool  woods  from  North  Carolina  northward  and 
westward. 

A  shrub  three  to  six  feet  high,  the  branches  often 
straight  and  slender,  "arrow-like,"  and  ending  with  a 
pair  of  leaves  and  the  flower-cluster. 

Fig.  60. — (5)  Arrow-wood.     V.  dentatum,  L. 
Flowers,  perfect,  clusters  not  sessile.     June. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  rounded,  mostly  smooth,  coarsely 
toothed.  Veins,  beneath  prominent,  straight,  and 
usually  with  downy  tufts  in  their  axils.  Base, 
sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped.  Leaf-stems,  rather 
slender.  Young  shoots,  mostly  smooth.  Bark,  ash- 
colored  ;  on  old  stems,  nearly  black. 

Fruit,  about  one  quarter  inch  long,  slightly  lengthened, 
dark  blue.  Stone,  very  deeply  grooved. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  and  thickets  from  Northern 
Georgia  northward  and  westward  ;  not  uncommon. 

A  shrub  five  to  fifteen  feet  high,  often  with  straight, 
arrow-like  shoots. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         139 


Fig.  59. — Maple-Leaved  Arrow-wood.    (V.  acerifdlium,  L.) 


140        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

(6)  Soft  Viburnum.      V.  molle,  Michx. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 

Flowers,  rather  larger.      Clusters,  downy. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  reverse  egg-shape,  downy  beneath. 
Young  shoots  and  branchlets,  downy. 

Fruit,  larger  and  more  pointed.  Stones,  rather  less 
deeply  grooved. 

Found,  from  Martha's  Vineyard  southward. 

Fig.  6l.— (7)  Downy  Arrow-wood.      V.pubescens,  Pursh. 

Flowers,  rather  larger  than  in  V.  denfatum.  Clusters, 
small  and  few-flowered.  June. 

Leaves,  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed  or  long-pointed.  Veins, 
less  marked  than  in  V.  denfatum.  Leaf-stems,  very 
short,  with  two  short,  hairy,  stipule-like  appendages 
at  base.  Leaves  beneath  and  leaf-stem  downy,  at 
least  when  young. 

Fruit,  nearly  black.  Stone,  flat  and  slightly  grooved  on 
each  side. 

Found,  in  dry  woods  and  thickets  from  Georgia  north- 
ward. 

A  straggling  shrub  about  six  feet  high. 

Fig.  62.— (8)  Withe-rod.     V.  nMum,  L. 

Flowers,  in  large  clusters  with  a  stem  one  to  two  inches 
long.  April,  June. 

Leaves,  variable,  two  to  four  inches  long,  oval  to  lance- 
shape,  edge  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  often  slightly 
rolled  ;  smooth,  not  shining,  no  stipule-like  append- 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         141 


Fig.  60.— Arrow- wood.    (V.  dent&tum,  L.) 
Fig.  61. — Downy  Arrow-wood.     (V.  pubescens,  Pursh.) 


142         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

ages.      Shoots,  branchlets,  etc.,   often    slightly  scurfy- 
dotted. 

Fruit,  about  one  quarter  inch  long,  slightly  lengthened, 
blackish,  sweet.  Stone,  broadly  oval  or  round,  very 
flat  and  even. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  southward. 

A  very  variable  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  ten 
to  twenty  feet  high. 

(9)  Withe-rod.     V.  cassinotdes,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  ( V.  nudum) 
chiefly  in  the  following  items : 

Flower-cluster,  usually  with  a  shorter  stem. 
Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long. 

Shoots,  scurfy-dotted. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  northward  and  westward. 

Fig.  63.— (10)  Black  Haw.   Sloe.  Stag-Bush.    V.prunifblium,L. 

Flowers,  in  rather  large  and  flat  three-  to  five-rayed  sessile 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  May. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  smooth,  shining  above, 
broadly-oval  to  broadly-reverse  egg-shape,  finely  and 
charply  toothed.  Apex,  rounded  or  pointed.  Leaf- 
stem,  short  and  smooth,  the  edges  slightly  and  evenly 
winged ;  variable. 

Fruit,  oval,  blackish,  sweet  and  eatable. 

Found,  in  Connecticut  and  Southern  New  York,  westward 
to  Michigan,  and  southward. 

A  bush   (or  a  small  tree)   ten   to   twenty  feet  high. 
The  bark  is  sometimes  used  as  a  tonic. 


t  3 


143 


Fig.  62.— Withe-rod.     (V.  ntidum,  L.) 
Fig.  63.— Black  Haw.     (V.  prunifdlium,  L.) 


H4         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

(3)  Genus  SYMPHORICARPOS,  Dill.     (Snowberry,  etc.) 

From  Greek  words  meaning  "to  bear  together"  and  "fruit,"  because  of  the 
clustered  berries. 

Flowers,  white  with  a  rosy  or  purplish  tinge  in  clusters  or 
spikes,  or  sometimes  solitary.  Corolla,  bell-shaped, 
four-  to  five-lobed.  Calyx,  with  short  teeth.  Stamens, 
four  or  five,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
Stigma,  rounded.  Seed-case,  four-celled,  but  with 
only  two  of  the  cells  containing  perfect  young  seeds. 

Leaves,  simple,  broad-oval  to  oblong,  opposite,  edge 
entire. 

Fruit,  with  four  cells  and  two  seeds.     A  berry. 

Fig.  64.— Snowberry.     S.  racembsus,  Michx. 
Flowers,   in  a  loose  and  often  somewhat  leafy  terminal 
spike.       Corolla,    thickly-bearded    within.       Stamens 
and  style  not  longer  than  the  corolla  tube  ("included"). 
Style,  smooth.     June,  August. 

Leaves,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  often  with  wavy  margins. 
Fruit,  snow-white,  the  size  of  a  large  pea. 

Found,  native  in  New  England  and  Pennsylvania,  and 
northward  and  westward,  and  in  cultivation. 

A  pretty  bush  two  to  three  feet  high,  very  common 
in  cultivation,  especially  in  old  gardens,  attractive,  not  on 
account  of  its  flowers,  but  its  white  fruit. 

Var.  pauciflorus,  Robbins,  has  the  flower  spike  reduced 
to  only  one  or  two  blossoms. 

Wolf-berry.     S.  occidentalis,  Hook. 

Flowers,  crowded  in  nodding  terminal  or  axillary  spikes. 
Corolla,  bearded  within.  Stamens  and  Style,  longer 
than  the  corolla-tube  ("exserted").  July. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         145 


Fig.  64.— Snowberry.     (S.  racemdsus,  Michx.) 
Fig.  65.— Indian  Currant.     (S.  orbicularis,  Moench./ 


146         Honeysuckle  (Caprifotiactce) 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long. 
Fruit,  white. 

Found,  from  Illinois  northward  and  westward. 
A  shrub  two  to  four  feet  high. 

Fig.  65. — Indian  Currant.     Coral-berry.     S.  orbicularis,  Moench. 
(  S.  vulgaris,  Michx.) 

Flowers,  crowded  in  short  clusters  in  the  axils  of  most  of 
the  leaves.  Corolla,  only  slightly  bearded  within. 
Stamens  and  style  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube 
("included").  Style,  bearded.  July. 

Leaves,  round-oval,  one  to  two  inches  long,  nearly  stem- 
less. 

Fruit,  small,  dark  red. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania  northward  and  southward. 
A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high. 

(4)  Genus  LONICERA,  L.      (Fly-Honeysuckle.) 

Flowers,  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  each  pair  with 
a  single  stalk.  Corolla,  tubular  or  funnel-like,  often 
hairy  at  the  base  within,  five-lobed,  more  or  less 
irregular.  Stamens,  five,  longer  than  the  corolla-tube 
("  exserted  ").  Seed-case,  two-  to  three-celled. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire. 

Fruit,  a  several-seeded  berry. 

Fig.  66.— Fly-Honeysuckle.     L.  ciliata.  Muhl. 

Flowers, greenish-yellow, three  quarters  inch  long.  Corolla, 
funnel-form,  slightly,  blunt,  spurred  at  the  base. 
Petals,  nearly  equal.  Bracts,  two,  minute  at  the 
base  of  the  seed-case.  Stem  of  the  pair  of  flowers, 
slender,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  May,  June. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         147 


caj 


Fig.  66.— Fly-Honeysuckle.     (L.  ciliata,  Muhl )    (a)  Fruit. 


148         Honeysuckle  (  Caprifoliacece ) 

Leaves,  from  long  egg-shape  to  oval.  Base,  variable, 
rounded,  or  slightly  pointed,  or  often  heart-shaped  ; 
thin,  delicately  fringed  on  the  margin.  Leaf-stem, 
slightly  hairy. 

Fruit,  red,  oblong,  or  egg-shape,  in  pairs,  three-  to  five- 
seeded,  distinct  or  sometimes  slightly  united. 

Found,  in  woods  from  Pennsylvania  northward  and  west- 
ward. 

A    shrub    three    to    six    feet    high,    with    straggling 
branches  set  at  a  very  wide  angle. 

Mountain-Fly  Honeysuckle.     L.  cerblea,  L. 

Flowers,  yellowish.  Bracts,  two,  at  the  base  of  the  seed- 
case,  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  seed-case.  Stem  of 
the  pair  of  flowers,  very  short — shorter  than  the 
flowers.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  small,  egg-shape  or  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape  ; 
hairy,  especially  when  young. 

Fruit,  dark  blue,  the  two  berries  united  into  one. 

Found,  in  high  woods  from  Rhode  Island  northward  and 
westward. 

A  shrub  one  to  three  feet  high. 

Swamp  Fly-Honeysuckle.    L.  oblongifblia,  Muhl. 

Flowers,  yellowish-white  outside,  purplish  within,  one  hal 
inch  long,  deeply  two-lipped.  Corolla,  hairy.  Bracts 
two,  minute  or  soon  falling.  Stem  of  the  pair  o 
flowers,  slender,  as  long  as  the  leaves.  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  in  length,  oblong,  nearly 
stemless. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacecz)         149 

Fruit,   rounded,    purple,   the    two    berries   more    or   less 
parted  at  the  summit,  or  sometimes  nearly  distinct. 

Found,  in  swampy  land,  from   New  York  northward  and 
westward. 

A  shrub  three  to  four  feet  high. 


Bracted  Fly-Honeysuckle.     L.  involucrbta,  Banks. 


Flowers,  yellowish.  Corolla,  one  half  to  three  quarters  of 
an  inch  long,  slightly  sticky.  Stem  of  the  pair  of 
flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Leaves,  two  to  five  inches  long,  egg-shape  or  oblong, 
mostly  pointed.  Branches,  four-angled. 

Fruit,  rounded,  dark-purple,  the  two  berries  distinct. 

Found,  in  deep  woods  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
north  and  west. 


Tartarian  Honeysuckle.     [Z.  Tartdrica,  Z.] 

Flowers,  pale-purple  to  white,  small,  fragrant.  April, 
June. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  three  quarters  to  one  and 
one  half  inches  wide,  thick,  egg-shape.  Base,  heart- 
shaped.  Apex,  blunt,  smooth,  shining,  dark-green 
above.  Leaf-stem,  short. 

Found,  common  in  cultivation,  naturalized  in  the  vicinity 
of  New  York. 


150        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

A  shrub  four  to  ten  feet  high,  with  erect,  much- 
branching  stems  ;  elegant,  and  every  way  worthy  of  cultr 
vation.  Introduced  from  Russia. 


(5)  Genus  DIERVILLA,  Tourn. 
Fig.  67.— Bush  Honeysuckle.     D.  trifida  (L.J  Moench. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  in  clusters  that  are  either 
terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves — usually 
three  blossoms  to  each  flower-stem.  Corolla,  funnel- 
form,  five-lobed,  nearly  regular,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Calyx-lobes,  slender,  awl-shaped,  persistent. 
Stamens,  five  ;  stamens  and  style  much  longer  than 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Seed-case,  slender,  about 
one  third  inch  long. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  two  to  four  inches  in  length, 
long  egg-shape,  toothed,  taper-pointed.  Stems, 
marked  with  two  slight  ridges,  very  noticeable  in  the 
young  shoots. 

Fruit,  tapering  above  into  a  slender  beak,  which  is  often 
curved,  and  is  crowned  with  the  long  and  somewhat 
spreading  persistent  sepals.  Cells,  two  (apparently 
four  because  of  the  intruding  false  partitions).  Seeds, 
many.  A  capsule. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  northward 
and  westward. 

An  upright  shrub  about  two  feet  high,  very  modest  as 
compared  with  its  showy  related  species,  the  cultivated 
Japanese  "Weigela." 


Fig.  67.— Bush  Honeysuckle.     D.  trffida  (L.),  Moench.    (a)  Flower-cluster. 


152  Madder  ( Rubiacece) 

21.   Family  RUBlACEyE.      (Madder  Fam.) 
Genus  CEPHALANTHUS,  L. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "head"  and  "a  flower,"  referring  to  the 
arrangement  of  the  round  flower-clusters. 

Fig.  68.— Button-Bush.     C.  occidentdlis,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  in  dense  spherical  heads — each  head 
nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  on  a  long  stalk.  Corolla, 
with  united  petals,  tubular,  four-toothed.  Calyx-tube, 
inversely  pyramid-shaped.  Stamens,  four,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style,  much  exserted, 
long,  and  thread-like — nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
corolla.  Seed-case,  adherent  to  the  calyx.  July, 
August. 

Leaves,  variable,  three  to  five  inches  long,  simple,  oppo- 
site  (often  whorled  in  threes),  egg-shape  to  oblong, 
and  reverse  egg-shape,  edge  entire,  strongly  veined. 
Base,  pointed  or  rounded.  Stipules,  short,  connecting 
the  bases  of  the  opposite  leaf-stems. 

Fruit,  small,  inversely  pyramid-shaped,  dry  and  hard. 
Cells,  two  to  four,  each  with  one  seed,  splitting  from 
the  base  upwards.  September. 

Found,  in  swamps  and  along  streams  of  United  States 
and  Canada. 

A  vigorous  shrub  about  four  feet  high.  It  is  some- 
times found  on  elevated  ground,  where  it  serves,  it  is 
claimed,  as  a  good  sign  of  the  presence  of  hidden  springs. 
The  inner  bark  is  sometimes  used  as  a  cough  medicine. 


Fig.  68.— Button-Bush.    (C.  occidentalis,  L.) 
Fig.  69.— Groundsel  Tree.     (B.  halimifdlia,  L.) 


154  Composite  (Composites) 

22.   Family  COMPOSITE.     (Composite  Fam.) 
Genus  BACCHARIS,  L. 

From  "  the  name  of  the  god  Bacchus,  possibly  because  of  a  faint  wine-like  odor 
about  the  plant." 

Fig.  69. — Groundsel  Tree.  J3.  halimifblia,  L. 
Flowers,  whitish  or  yellow,  tubular,  in  a  close  head  of 
about  twenty  blossoms,  the  staminate  and  the  pistillate 
forms  on  different  bushes.  Corolla,  of  the  pistillate 
flower  thread-like  ;  of  the  staminate,  larger  and  five- 
lobed  ;  the  hairy  pappus  of  the  pistillate  flowers  long 
and  very  abundant.  September. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edge  mostly  remotely  large- 
toothed  (in  the  upper  leaves  often  entire),  reverse 
egg-shape  to  lanceolate.  Branches,  angled. 

Fruit,  one-seeded,  a  ribbed  akene. 

Found,  near  the  sea,  from  Massachusetts  to  Georgia. 

A  compact  shrub  six  to  twelve  feet  high,  worthy  of 
cultivation  because  of  its  late  blooming  and  its  abundant 
"  white-haired  "  blossoms. 

Genus  IVA,  L. 
Marsh  Elder.     Highwater  Shrub.    I.  frutiscens,  L. 

Flowers,  greenish-white,  tubular  or  funnel-form,  in  small, 
drooping  heads,  each  head  with  fine  marginal,  pistil- 
late flowers,  the  remaining  flowers  staminate,  pappus 
lacking.  July  to  September. 

Leaves,  simple,  fleshy,  the  lower  ones  opposite,  lance- 
shaped,  and  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  ones  narrower 
and  with  entire  edges,  or  reduced  to  line-like  bracts. 

Fruit,  one-seeded  (five  seeds  to  each  head).      An  akene. 

Found,  on  the  borders  of  salt  marshes  from  Massachusetts 

to  Florida ;  common. 
A  coarse,  leafy  shrub,  three  to  eight  feet  high. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  155 

23.   Family  ERICACE^.     (Heath  Fam.) 

Flowers,  regular,  or  nearly  so,  except  in  R.  Rhodbra  (8). 
Petals,  four  to  five,  united,  except  in  R.  Rhodbra  (8), 
Ledum  (9),  and  Clethra  (10).  Stamens,  usually  as 
many  to  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted 
with  them.  Pollen,  of  four  united  grains.  Style,  one. 
Seed-case,  three-  to  ten-celled. 

Leaves,  simple,  without  stipules. 
Fruit,  a  berry  or  a  capsule. 


There  are  not  many  families  that  contain  as  many 
beautiful  plants  as  are  found  among  the  Eric&cea.  Of 
the  true  heaths,  however,  we  have  no  native  species. 
The  nearest  to  them  are  our  huckleberries  and  cranberries. 
These  take  the  place  throughout  the  northern  part  of 
America  of  the  heaths  of  the  corresponding  climate  of 
Europe,  and  they  do  so  with  as  much  of  beauty  and  with 
far  more  of  usefulness. 

A  GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(A)  Calyx  adherent  to  seed-case  ;  Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth. 
(t>)  Fruit  ten-seeded  (i)  Gaylussacia  (Huckleberry). 

Si      "     many-seeded  (2)  Vaccinium  (Blueberry,  etc.). 

lyx  not  adherent  to  seed-case  ;  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule. 
(6)  Petals  always  regular,  and  all  united. 

(c)  Corolla  cylindrical,  or  contracted  f   g)  ^^g^ 
at  its  mouth  ;    Fruit,   more  or^    }*{  Leuc6thoe. 
,.ssglobu,ar,oegg.shap,          }  g|  ™*. 

(c)  Corolla   saucer-shape,   with    ten  C 

hollows  for  holding  the  anthers.  -I    (6)  Kalmia  (Laurels,  etc.). 
Leaves,  thick  and  evergreen.       (. 
(6)  Petals    sometimes    irregular,   and   in  ( 

R.  Rhodbra  partly  separate.    Corolla,  •<    (8)  Rhododendron  (Azaleas,  etc.). 
spreadi  ng,  funnel-shape,  or  bell-shape.  ( 
(6)  Petals  regular  and  separate. 

(C}  ^dgTentTre7     ^^    beneath' |    (9)  Ledum  (Labrador  Tea). 

(c)  Leaves,  smooth,  edge-toothed.         (ro)  Clethra  (Sweet  Pepper-bush.) 


156  Heath  (Ericacecz) 

(r)  Genus  GAYLUSSACIA,H.  B.  K.     (Huckleberry.) 

Flowers,  white  or  tinged  with  red,  in  loose  lateral  clusters. 
Corolla,  egg-shape,  tubular,  or  bell-shape  ;  five-lobed. 
Calyx,  yellowish-green,  with  resinous  dots.  Stamens, 
ten.  Anther-cells,  tapering  upward,  and  opening  by 
a  chink  at  the  end,  with  no  small  hooks  at  the  back 
Seed-case,  ten-celled  and  ten-seeded,  adherent  to 
the  calyx. 

Leaves,  alternate,  entire  (excepting  in  Box  Huckleberry, 
and  sometimes  in  Dwarf  Huckleberry),  and  more  or 
less  resinous  dotted  (excepting  in  Box  Huckleberry). 

Fruit,  black  or  dark  blue,  round,  ten-celled,  ten-seeded, 
crowned  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx.  A  berry. 

Fig.    70.— Common    Black    Huckleberry.       G.   resiiibsa   (Ait.), 
T.  and  G. 

Flowers,  drooping,  in  short,  one-sided  clusters.  Corolla, 
contracted  at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  stamens, 
shorter  than  the  style.  Bracts  of  the  flower-clusters, 
small,  reddish,  and  soon  falling  away.  Flower-stems, 
each  about  the  length  of  the  blossom.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  entire,  egg- 
shape  and  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape,  pointed  or 
somewhat  blunt,  thickly  sprinkled — more  thickly 
than  are  any  other  of  the  huckleberries — with  bright 
resinous  globules. 

Fruit,  black  (very  rarely  white),  sweet.     August. 

Found,  from  Northern  Georgia  and  Tennessee  northward. 
Common  in  woods  and  open  fields. 

A  stiff,  much-branched  shrub,  one  to  three  feet  high, 
yielding  the  "huckleberry"  of  the  markets. 


Fig.  70.— Common  Black  Huckleberry.    G.  resindsa  (Ait.),  Torr.  and  Gray. 
157  Fig.  71.— Dangleberry.    G.  fronddsa  (L.),  Torr.  and  Gray. 


158  Heath  (Ericacece) 

The  "huckleberry  pasture"  is  an  important  part  of 
many  a  New  England  farm,  and  the  name  is  a  well 
remembered  one  in  the  memory  of  many  a  far  wanderer 
from  his  early  home.  Those  who  know  the  stout  and 
thickly  set  bushes,  and  who  know  also  the  ideal  Christian 
character  of  many  of  the  New  England  settlers,  can 
appreciate  the  comment  of  an  old  lady  (quoted,  by 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson),  who,  remembering  her  godly 
ancestors,  said  of  them  "that  they  had  to  hold  on  hard 
by  the  huckleberry  bushes  to  hinder  themselves  from 
being  translated." 

A  peculiar  old  and  shorter  name  for  huckleberries  is 
"  hurts." 

"  Cape  Cod  is  only  a  headland  of  high  hills  overgrowne 
with  shrubby  pines,  hurts,  and  such  trash,  but  an  excel- 
lent harbour  of  all  weathers." — Capt.  JOHN  SMITH, 
Work  II. 

Dwarf  Huckleberry.     G.  dumbsa  (Andr.),  T.  and  G. 

flowers,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  persistent  bract,  in  some- 
what lengthened  clusters.  Bracts,  leaf-like,  oval,  as 
long  as  the  flower-stem,  and  persistent.  Corolla, 
bell-shape,  with  five  prominent  keel-like  angles, 
longer  than  the  included  stamen  and  style.  Seed- 
case,  set  with  hairs  or  glands.  June. 

Leaves,  about  one  and  one  third  inches  long,  entire  or 
slightly  fine-toothed,  reverse  egg-shape,  blunt,  bristle- 
tipped.  Leaves,  branchlets,  and  flower-stems  sprinkled 
with  small  hairs  and  glands. 

Fruit,  black,  one  third  to  one  half  inch  in  diameter,  rather 
insipid.  August. 


Heath  (Ericacecz)  159 

Found,  in  swamps  and  thickets  from  Canada  to  Florida, 
mostly  along  the  coast. 

A  small  shrub,  usually  about  one  foot  high,  from  a 
creeping  base. 

Fig.  71. — Dangleberry.   Blue  Dangle.  G.  frondbsa  (LJ,  T.  and  G. 

Flowers,  in  slender,  loose  clusters.  Bracts,  oblong  or 
line-like,  soon  falling,  shorter  than  the  slender  and 
drooping  flower-stems.  Corolla,  round,  bell-shape, 
longer  than  the  included  stamens.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  entire,  mostly  reverse  egg-shape,  often  blunt. 

Fruit,  large,  blue,  sweet,  covered  with  a  whitish  bloom 
when  ripe.  July,  August. 

Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida,  oftenest  in  sandy 
swamps. 

A  loosely  branching  shrub,  three  to  six  feet  high. 

Box  Huckleberry.     G.  brachycera,  Gray. 

Flowers,  in  short,  close,  axillary,  and  terminal  clusters. 
Flower-stems,  very  short.  May. 

Leaves,  one  inch  long,  oval,  thick,  smooth,  many-toothed, 
evergreen,  resembling  the  leaf  of  the  box. 

Fruit,  light  blue. 

Found,  in  Perry  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  southward. 
A  pretty  evergreen  about  one  foot  high. 

(2)  Genus  VACCINIUM,  L.     (Blueberry,  etc.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Gaylusshcia  chiefly  in  the  fol- 
lowing items : 


160  Heath  (  Ericacece) 

Flowers,  with  corolla  five-toothed,  excepting  in  Bog 
Bilberry,  where  it  is  four-toothed.  Anthers,  some- 
times with  two  small,  bristle-like  hooks  (awns)  on  the 
back.  Seed-case,  four-celled  (or  sometimes  eight-  to 
ten-celled  by  false  divisions),  many-seeded. 

Leaves,  branchlets,  etc.,  less  strongly  or  not  at  all  marked 
with  resinous  globules. 

Fruit,  four-  to  five-celled  (or  sometimes  eight-  to  ten- 
celled  by  false  divisions),  and  many-seeded  instead  of 
only  ten-seeded. 

Fig.  72. — Squaw  Huckleberry.    Deerberry.     V.  stamineum,  L. 

Flowers,  nodding,  greenish-white  or  purplish.  Flower- 
stems,  slender,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Stamens,  hairy,  shorter  than  the  style,  much  exserted 
from  the  corolla.  Anthers,  tapering  into  two  horns, 
with  a  hook  (awn)  back  of  each. 

Leaves,  one  and  one  half  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long, 
rounded  or  pointed,  or  sometimes  heart-shaped  at 
base  ;  smallest  on  the  flowering  branches  ;  egg-shape 
and  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape.  Leaf -stem,  very 
short  and  downy. 

Fruit,  somewhat  ten-celled,  nearly  as  large  as  a  small 
cherry,  greenish  or  yellowish,  sometimes  purple- 
tinged,  round  or  pear-shaped,  scarcely  edible.  Sep- 
tember. 

Found,  from  Canada  to  Florida. 

A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high  with  abundant  spread- 
ing branches  and  drooping  solitary  fruit. 


Heath  (Ericacece) 


161 


Fig.  72.— Squaw  Huckleberry.     (V.  staraineum,  L.) 
73  — ^nmrnon  Low  Blueberry.     (V.  Pennsy.vanicum,  Lam.) 


1 62  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Fig-  73-— Common  Low  Blueberry.    Dwarf  Blueberry. 

V.  Pennsylvdnicum,  Lam. 

Flowers,  usually  reddish-white,  one  quarter  inch  long,  in 
short,  close  clusters.  Corolla,  short,  cylindrical,  and 
somewhat  bell-shaped.  Calyx-teeth,  green  and  spread- 
ing. Stamens,  hairy,  not  exserted  from  the  corolla. 
May,  June. 

Leaves,  three  quarters  to  one  inch  long,  oblong  to  lance- 
shape,  stemless  ;  smooth  and  shining  above  and  be- 
neath ;  finely  and  sharply  bristle-toothed.  Stems  and 
branches,  green  and  warty,  and  often  with  a  hairy  line 
running  down  each  side. 

Fruit,  large,  blue,  sweet,  ripening  earlier  than  that  of  K 
vacillans.  July,  August. 

Found,  growing  in  thick  patches  in  dry,  hard  soil,  from 
New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  northward  :  very  common 
in  New  England. 

A  bush  six  to  fifteen  inches  high,  the  lowest  and  the 
earliest  of  the  Blueberries. 

A  narrow-leaved  lower  variety  (var.  augustifblium, 
G.),  is  found  on  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire 
and  far  northward. 

Var.  Riorum,  Wood,  has  the  leaves  dark  green,  the 
berries  black  and  shining. 

V.  Canadense.     Kalm. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  ( V.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum)  chiefly  in  the  following  items : 

Leaves,  entire,  downy  beneath,  and  at  least  on  the  veins 
above.  Branchlets,  reddish-green  and  downy. 

Found,  from  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  westward  and 
northward. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  163 

Low  Blueberry.     V.  vacillans,  Solander. 

Flowering-branches,  two  to  three  inches  or  more  in  length, 
and  without  leaves,  so  that  often  much  of  the  plant 
is  leafless  though  covered  with  fruit. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  reverse  egg-shape,  edge  entire  or 
very  finely  toothed.  Branchless,  yellowish-green, 
angular,  and  closely  set  with  white  dots. 

Fruit,  ripening  later  than  that  of  V.  Pennsylvhnicum, 
August. 

Found,  in  dry  ground  from  New  England  westward  and 

southward. 
A  bush  one  to  two  and  one  half  feet  high. 

Fig.  74.— Common  High  Blueberry.    Swamp  Blueberry. 
V.  corymbbsum,  L. 

Flowers,  in  short  clusters,  appearing  with  or  before  the 
leaves.  Corolla,  more  or  less  cylindrical,  about  one 
quarter  to  one  third  inch  or  more  in  length.  Stamens, 
shorter  than  the  corolla  ("included"),  hairy.  Style, 
slightly  exserted.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  variable  in  shape  and  size,  mostly  smooth,  acute 
at  each  end,  entire.  Branches,  green  or  purple. 
Flower  ing -branches,  often  almost  leafless. 

Fruit,  large,  blackish  or  purplish,  slightly  acid.  August, 
September. 

Found,  in  shady  swamps  and  thickets  from  Canada  to 
Florida. 

A  shrub  five  to  ten  feet  high.  It  furnishes  the  late 
blueberry  of  the  markets.  A  very  variable  species. 

A  marked  variety  (var.  atrococum,  G.)  has  the  under 
surface  of  the  leaves,  even  when  old:  and  the  branchlets 
downy  or  woolly. 


1 64  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Bog  Bilberry.     V  uliginbsum,  L. 

Flowers,  axillary,  drooping,  single,  or  two  to  three 
together,  nearly  sessile.  Corolla,  short,  four-cleft, 
urn-shape.  Stamens,  eight,  smooth.  Anthers,  with 
a  slender  hook  (awn)  back  of  each  of  the  two  horns. 
June,  July. 

Leaves,  one  quarter  to  one  third  inch  long,  dull,  reverse 
egg-shape  to  oblong,  entire.  Apex,  rounded  or 
pointed,  crowded  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Fruit,  four-celled,  deep-blue  or  black,  oblong,  sweet, 
crowned  with  the  style. 

Found,  on  the  mountain  summits  of  New  England  and 
New  York,  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward. 

A  low,  spreading  shrub,  four  inches  to  two  feet  high. 

V.  cczspitbsum,  Michx ;  var.  cuneifolium,  Nutt ;  V. 
myrtillbides,  Hook;  and  V.  ovalijblium,  Smith,  are  forms 
of  Bilberries  with  the  blossoms  solitary,  nodding  on  short 
axillary  stems,  the  parts  of  the  flower  in  fives ;  stamens, 
ten  ;  the  leaves  more  or  less  toothed.  They  are  found 
on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  northward. 

(3)  Genus  ANDROMEDA,  L. 

Named  with  reference  to  the  story  of  Andromeda  (see  below). 

Flowers,  mostly  white,  in  clusters.  Corolla,  rounded,  five- 
toothed.  Calyx,  without  bracts.  Stamens,  ten. 
Anthers,  attached  near  the  middle.  Anther-cells^ 
opening  by  a  pore  at  the  end.  Seed-case,  free  from 
the  calyx. 


Heath  (Ericaccce)  165 


Fig.  74.— Common  High  Blueberry.     (V.  corymbdsum,  L.)    (a)  Flower-cluster. 


1 66  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire  (or  in  Privet  Andromeda, 
A.  ligustrina,  sometimes  fine-toothed). 

Fruit,  globular  to  egg-shape,  five-celled,  many-seeded  ;  a 
capsule. 

Fig-  75- — Marsh  Andr6meda.    Wild  Rosemary.    A.  polifblia,  L. 

Flowers,  nearly  round,  crowded  in  terminal  drooping 
clusters.  Corolla,  about  one  quarter  inch  long,  rose- 
tinted.  Calyx,  white,  tipped  with  red.  Anther-cells, 
each  terminating  in  a  slender  ascending  awn.  Flower- 
stems,  about  one  half  an  inch  long,  pearl-white,  spring- 
ing from  pointed  and  hollowed  bracts  of  the  same 
color  at  their  base.  June. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  very  narrow  to  oblong  lance-shape, 
one  to  three  inches  in  length  by  one  sixth  to  one 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  width  ;  very  smooth,  edges 
rolled  back,  thick,  dark-green  above,  whitish  beneath. 

Fruit,  globular,  five-celled,  many-seeded.     A  capsule. 

Found,  in  wet  ground  from  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
to  Minnesota,  and  far  northward. 

A  very  interesting  evergreen  shrub,  six  inches  to  two 
feet  high. 


Linnaeus,  in  his  Tour  in  Lapland,  describes  this 
shrub  and  tells  why  he  chose  for  it  the  poetical  name  of 
Andromeda : 

"  Andromeda polifblia  was  now  (June  12)  in  its  highest 
beauty,  decorating  the  marshy  grounds  in  a  most  agree- 
able manner.  The  flowers  are  quite  blood-red  before 


Fig-  75-— Marsh  Andrdmeda.     (A.  polifdlia,  L.)    (a)  Blossom  slightly  enlarged 
i6?  Fig.  76.— Stagger-Bush.    (A.  mariana,  L.) 


1 68  Heatk  (Ericacece) 

they  expand,  but  when  full-grown  the  corolla  is  of  a 
flesh-color.  ...  As  I  contemplated  it,  I  could  not 
help  thinking  of  Andromeda  as  described  by  the  poets  ; 
and  the  more  I  meditated  upon  their  descriptions,  the 
more  applicable  they  seemed  to  the  little  plant  before  me. 
Andromeda  is  represented  by  them  as  a  virgin  of  most 
exquisite  and  unrivalled  charms.  .  .  .  This  plant  is 
always  fixed  on  some  little  turfy  hillock  in  the  midst  of 
the  swamps,  as  Andromeda  herself  was  chained  to  a  rock 
in  the  sea,  which  bathed  her  feet  as  the  fresh  water  does 
the  roots  of  the  plant.  Dragons  and  venomous  serpents 
surrounded  her,  as  toads  and  other  reptiles  frequent  the 
abode  of  her  vegetable  resembler.  As  the  distressed 
virgin  cast  down  her  blushing  face  through  excessive 
affliction,  so  does  this  rosy-colored  flower  hang  its  head, 
growing  paler  and  paler  until  it  withers  away.  .  .  . 
At  length  comes  Perseus  in  the  shape  of  summer,  dries 
up  the  surrounding  water,  and  destroys  the  monsters." 

Fig.  76. — Stagger-Bush.     A.  manana,  L. 

Flowers,  about  five  twelfths  of  an  inch  long,  nodding  in 
clusters  on  leafless  branchlets.  Corolla,  somewhat 
egg-shape,  white  or  pale  red.  Calyx,  about  two 
thirds  as  long  as  the  corolla,  parted  nearly  to  the 
base.  Stamens,  two-toothed  near  the  anthers,  hairy, 
without  awns.  June  and  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  smooth,  oval,  or  oblong, 
acute  at  each  end  or  sometimes  with  the  apex  rather 
blunted. 

Fruit,  egg-shape,  with  the  narrowed  end  squared,  as 
though  cut  off;  five-celled,  five-angled,  many-seeded. 
Seeds,  angular.  A  capsule.  October. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  169 

Found,  in  dry  places,  in  woods,  etc.,  from  Rhode  Island 
and  Pennsylvania  southward. 

A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high,  worthy  of  cultivation. 
Its  common  name  is  due  to  its  reputation  for  poisoning 
young  cattle. 

Fig.  77. — Privet  Andr6meda.    A.  ligustrma,  Muhl. 

Flowers,  scarcely  one  sixth  of  an  inch  long,  downy,  globu- 
lar, white,  crowded  in  terminal  clusters  ;  the  clusters 
usually  leafless,  sometimes  with  two  small  leaflets  at 
the  base.  Flower-stems,  downy.  Anthers,  without 
awns.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  entire  or  fine-toothed, 
more  or  less  downy,  reverse  egg-shape  and  oval  to 
lance-shape. 

Fruit,  globular,  five-celled,  five-angled,  many-seeded  ;  a 
capsule.  September. 

Found,  in  swampy  ground  from  Canada  southward , 
Common. 

A  shrub  three  to  ten  feet  high. 

(4)  Genus  LEUCOTHOE,  Don. 
Fig.  78.— Leuc6thoe.     L.  raeembsa  ( L.),  Gray. 

Flowers,  white,  fragrant,  with  very  short  stems  crowded 
in  long,  one-sided,  usually  erect  spikes,  mostly  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  each  spike  two  to  four  inches 
long,  with  twelve  to  thirty  downward- turned 
blossoms.  Corolla,  five-toothed,  cylindrical  or  some- 
what egg-shaped.  Calyx,  with  two  egg-shaped 


Heath  (Ericfrcece) 


£-  77-— Privet  Andrdmeda.     (A.  ligustrina,  Muhl.)    (a)  Fruit. 
Fig.  78.— Leucdthoe.    L.  racemdsa  (L.),  Gray.     (£)  Fruit. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  171 

pointed,  persistent  bracts  at  base.  Stamens,  ten. 
Anther-cells,  each  with  two  awns  at  apex.  Seed-case, 
free  from  the  calyx.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  alternate, 
smooth,  oblong  to  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape,  more 
or  less  pointed,  fine-toothed.  Leaf-stem,  about  one 
twelfth  of  an  inch  long. 

Fruit,  globular,  depressed,  five-celled,  many-seeded,  with 
the  remains  attached  of  the  calyx  and  its  two  bracts 
and  the  long  style.  Seeds,  angled  not  winged.  A 
capsule. 

Found,  in    moist   woods   and    thickets    from  Canada    to 

Florida,  mostly  near  the  coast. 

A  shrub  four  to  ten  feet  high.  The  dry  brown  fruit- 
spikes  of  the  previous  year,  with-  persistent  calyx  and 
bracts  and  style,  often  remain  among  the  blossoms  and 
green  leaves  of  the  new  season.  The  plant  is  well 
worthy  of  cultivation. 

(5)  Genus  CASSANDRA,  Don. 

Cassandra  was  a  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

Fig.  79. — Leather- Leaf.     Cassandra.     C.  calyculata  (L .),  Don. 

Flowers,  white,  with  short  stems,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
the  twenty  to  thirty  small  upper  leaves,  so  forming  a 
long,  one-sided  leafy  spike.  Corolla,  cylindrical, 
five-toothed.  Calyx,  with  two  persistent,  egg-shaped 
bracts  at  its  base.  Stamens,  ten.  Anther-cells,  each 
tapering  into  a  beak  that  opens  at  its  apex,  without 
awns.  Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx.  April,  May. 


172        Fig.  79. — Leather-Leaf.    C.  calyculata  (L.1,  Don. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  173 

Leaves,  about  one  inch  long  and  half  as  wide  (those  of 
the  flower-spikes  smaller),  oblong  ;  blunt  or  slightly 
pointed  ;  entire  or  very  slightly  toothed  ;  shiny  and 
dotted  above,  rusty  beneath  ;  mid-vein  prominent, 
others  scarcely  noticeable. 

Fruit,  depressed,  five-celled,  many-seeded,  with  the  cov- 
ering of  the  seeds  in  two  layers,  the  outer  splitting 
at  length  into  five  parts,  the  inner  into  ten.  Seeds, 
flattened,  wingless.  July. 

Found,  in  wet  places  from  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota, 
and  southward  to  Georgia,  often  in  large  beds. 

A  nearly  evergreen  shrub  two  to  four  feet  high. 


Formerly  Cassandra  was  included  in  the  genus 
Andromeda.  Inasmuch  as  Linnaeus  had  given  the 
latter  name  to  the  sweet  little  Lapland  flower  which  he 
discovered — because  it  reminded  him  by  its  surroundings 
of  the  story  of  Andromeda  chained  in  the  midst  of  the 
waves — Don,  when  he  rearranged  the  species  chose  the 
new  name  "Cassandra,"  to  retain  the  classic  suggestion. 

(6)  Genus  KALMIA,  L.     (American  Laurel.) 

From  the  name  of  Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus. 

Flowers,  showy,  in  clusters.  Corolla,  five-lobed,  wheel-  to 
bell-shaped,  with  ten  pits  for  holding  back  the  ten 
elastic  stamens.  Calyx,  smaller  than  the  ripened 
seed-case  ;  persistent  after  the  other  parts  of  the 


174  Heath  (Ericacecz) 

flower  have  fallen.     Seed-case,   not  adherent  to   the 
calyx. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  opposite  or  alternate,  entire,  thick. 
Fruit,  mostly  round,  five-celled,  many-seeded.     A  capsule. 

Fig.  80. — Mountain  Laurel.     Calico-Bush.     Spoon-Wood. 

K.  latifWa,  L. 

Flowers,  three  quarters  to  five  sixths  of  an  inch  across, 
rose-colored  to  white,  in  large,  many-blossomed, 
terminal  clusters,  crowning  the  last  year's  leaves ; 
sticky.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  mostly  two  to  four  inches  long,  oftenest  alternate, 
sometimes  opposite  or  in  threes  ;  shining,  smooth  on 
both  sides.  Side-veins,  imperceptible  below.  Bark, 
in  the  larger  specimens  in  short,  rounded,  and  often 
flaky  ridges,  curiously  forked  at  their  ends.  Wood, 
crooked,  fine-grained,  compact. 

Fruit,  rounded,  five-celled,  imperfectly  five-angled,  set 
with  sticky  hairs.  September. 

Found,  usually  in  damp  woods  from  Canada  and  Maine 
to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  and  in  all  the  Atlantic  States 
southward  to  Georgia. 

One  of  our  most  beautifully  flowering  shrubs,  ever- 
green, four  to  eight  feet  high,  or  sometimes  even  twenty 
feet  in  height,  with  crooked  and  twisting  stems  and 
branches.  The  leaves  and  juices  are  narcotic,  and  are 
said  to  be  poisonous  to  browsing  cattle.  Well  worthy 
of  cultivation. 

"  When  the  clumps  of  Mountain  Laurel  are  in  bloom 
it  is  worth  while  going  out  of  one's  way  to  see  them." 


Heath  (Ericacece)  175 


Fig.  80. —  Mountain  Laurel.     (K.  latifolia,  L.) 


176  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Xenophon,  in  his  Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand,  tells 
how  numbers  of  his  warriors  were  poisoned  through 
eating  honey  made  by  bees  that  had  foraged  among  the 
abundant  "laurel"  flowers.  The  species  may  have  been 
Azalea  Pdntica. 

Fig.  81. — Sheep  Laurel.     Lambkill.    K.  angustifblia,  L. 

Flowers,  about  one  half  or  two  thirds  smaller  than  those 
of  the  Mountain  Laurel,  closely  resembling  them, 
but  of  a  deeper  crimson  and  growing  in  small  clusters 
at  the  sides  of  the  branches  in  the  axils  of  the  last 
year's  persistent  leaves,  and  surmounted  by  the  new 
leaves.  May,  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  opposite  in  threes  and  in 
pairs,  edge  entire.  Apex  and  base,  slightly  pointed 
or  rounded  ;  light  green  above,  in  winter  often 
reddish-green  or  yellowish  ;  below,  whitish  or  pale. 
Surfaces,  smooth.  Side-veins,  indistinct. 

Fruit,  rounded,  depressed,  five-celled,  often  clinging 
throughout  the  winter,  its  stems  recurved.  Sep- 
tember. 

Found,  common,  in  rough  fields  and  by  ponds  and 
marshes,  from  Canada  to  Carolina,  and  west  to 
Kentucky,  often  in  large  patches. 

A  very  pretty  upright  evergreen  shrub  one  half  to  two 
feet  or  rarely  four  feet  high.  The  leaves  of  this  species 
also  are  said  to  be  poisonous  to  cattle. 

Pale  Laurel.    K.  glauca,  Ait. 

Flowers,  resembling  in  general  the  other  laurel  flowers, 
smooth,  one  half  inch  across,  pale  purple,  in  terminal 
clusters  of  eight  to  ten  blossoms.  Flower-stems- 
smooth.  June. 


Heath  (Ericacecz)  177 


Fig.  81. — Sheep  Laurel.     (K.  angustifblia,  L.)     (a)  Fruit. 


178  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Leaves,  about  one  inch  long,  varying  in  width  from 
scarcely  one  eighth  to  one  half  an  inch,  opposite,  and 
often  in  threes,  entire,  with  edge  rolled  back,  nearly 
stemless.  Branchlets,  distinctly  two-edged  by  ridges 
which  extend  from  the  bases  of  each  pair  of  leaves 
to  the  pair  below. 

Fruit,  somewhat  egg-shape,  smooth. 

Found,  mostly  in  swampy  land  from  Kentucky  and 
Pennsylvania  far  northward. 

A  straggling  shrub,  one  to  two  feet  high. 
(7)  Genus  MENZIESIA,  Smith. 

Flowers,  greenish-white  or  purplish,  small,  nodding  in 
terminal  clusters.  Corolla,  four-lobed.  Stamens, 
eight.  Seed-case,  not  adherent. 

Leaves,  alternate,  reverse  egg-shape.  Branchlets,  strag- 
gling, usually  hairy  and  rusty. 

Fruit,  egg-shape,  four-celled,  many-seeded.      A  capsule. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  two  species  : 

M.  globella,  Gray,  found  from  Minnesota  Point,  Lake 
Superior  northwestward  ;  and 

M.  globuforis,  Salisb.,  found  in  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains from  Pennsylvania  southward. 

(8)  Genus  RHODODENDRON,  L.     (Azaleas,  etc.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  Rose-tree." 

Flowers,  showy,  in  terminal  clusters.  Corolla,  deeply  five- 
lobed  (in  R.  Rhodbra  two  petals  are  wholly  separate)  ; 
often  slightly  irregular  (or  in  R.  Rhodbravery  irregu- 


Heath  (Ericacece)  179 

lar)  ;  bell  or  funnel-form.  Stamens,  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  or  of  the  same  number  (or  in  R.  nudi- 
fblium,  five  to  seven).  Stamens  and  style  more  or 
less  exserted  and  declined,  except  in  R.  maximum. 
Anther -cells,  opening  by  a  round  pore  at  the  end. 
Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  chiefly  alternate  and  entire. 

Fruit,  five-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds,  scale-like.  A 
capsule. 

Fig.  82.— Clammy    Azalea.     White    Swamp    Honeysuckle. 
Swamp  Pink.     R.  viscbsum  ( L.),  Torr. 

Flowers,  appearing  after  the  leaves,  white  or  rose-color, 
very  fragrant,  very  sticky,  in  clusters  of  six  to  twelve 
blossoms.  Corolla,  downy,  funnel-form  ;  tube  about 
one  inch  long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  lobes. 
Calyx,  minute.  Stamens,  five,  slightly  exserted  from 
the  tube.  Anthers,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  in  the 
Purple  Azalea  (R.  nudiflbrum).  Style,  much  longer 
than  the  stamens.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  alternate  or  in  groups  of 
five  to  six  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  reverse  egg- 
shape  to  lance-shape,  smooth,  except  at  the  delicately 
bristle-fringed  margins  and  mid-vein.  Leaf-stem  and 
branchlets,  bristly.  Apex,  often  tipped  with  a  brown, 
hard  point. 

Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  and  swamps  from  Canada  to 
Florida  and  Arkansas,  mostly  near  the  coast. 


i8o  Heath  (Ericdcece) 

A  shrub  four  to  seven  feet  high.  "  Few  flowers  have 
been  more  valued  and  more  frequently  cultivated  in  Euro- 
pean gardens  than  this." 

Var.  glaucum  (Pursh.),  G.,  found  from  New  England 
to  Virginia,  has  paler  and  sometimes  rough-hairy  leaves. 

Var.nilidiim(L3im.),  G.,  found  from  the  mountains  of 
New  York  to  Virginia,  is  a  dwarf  form  with  reverse- 
lanceolate  leaves. 

Smooth  Azalea.     JR.  arbor e'scens,  Torr. 

Flowers,  rose-color,  very  fragrant.  Corolla,  funnel-form, 
with  the  tube  longer  than  the  lobes  ;  not  at  all  or 
very  slightly  sticky.  Calyx,  conspicuous,  as  much 
as  one  sixth  of  an  inch  long,  lobes  oblong  and  acute. 
The  five  stamens  and  the  style  much  exserted.  Scales 
of  the  flower-buds  large,  yellowish-brown,  and  fringed. 
Blossoms,  appearing  after  the  leaves.  May,  July. 

Leaves,  very  smooth  on  both  sides,  shiny  above ;  the 
edges  delicately  bristle-fringed.  Branchlets,  smooth. 

Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  North 
Carolina. 

A  shrub  ten  to  twenty  feet  high. 

Fig.  83.— Purple  Azalea.    Pinxter-Flower.    R.  nudiflbrum 
(L.),  Torr 

Flowers,  one  and  one  half  inches  across,  very  variable  in 
color,  white,  pink,  purple,  buff,  mottled ;  usually 
fragrant.  Corolla,  funnel-form.  Tube  (nearly  one 
inch  long),  scarcely  longer  than  the  large  lobes ; 
downy,  slightly  sticky.  Calyx,  small  and  hairy. 


181  Fig.  82.— Clammy  Azalea.     R.  viscdsum  (L.),  Torr. 

Fig.  83.— Purple  Azalea,     i-i.  nudifldrum  (    .),  Torr.    (a)  Fruit. 


1 82  Heath,  (Ericacece) 

Stamens,  five  to  seven,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube, 
downy  below  the  middle.  Style,  about  three  times 
as  long  as  the  tube.  Blossoms,  appearing  with  or 
before  the  leaves.  April,  May. 

Leaves,  reverse  egg-shape  to  reverse  lance-shape,  downy 
beneath.  Young  branchless,  hairy,  and  often  in 
whorls. 

Fruit,  as  above.     August. 

Found,  in  woods  and  wet  land  from  Canada  to  Florida 

and  Texas  ;  common,  especially  southward. 
A  crooked-stemmed,  much  branched  shrub,  with  many 
varieties  in  cultivation. 

Var.  polydndra  has  ten  to  twenty  stamens. 

Flame-Colored  Azalea.     R.  calendulaceum,  Torr. 
This  species  differs  especially  in  the  following  items : 

Flowers,  one  and  one  half  to  one  and  two  thirds  inches 
across,  orange,  changing  to  flame-color  ;  abundant, 
covering  the  bush  as  the  leaves  are  appearing ;  not 
fragrant,  not  sticky.  Corolla,  with  its  tube  shorter 
than  the  lobes. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia. 
It  has  many  varieties  in  cultivation. 

Fig.  84.— Rose  Bay.    Great  Laurel.    Rhododendron. 

R.  maximum,  L. 

Flowers,  very  showy,  one  to  two  inches  broad,  rose  color 
or  nearly  white,  sometimes  dotted  with  yellow,  in 
large  clusters  of  fifteen  to  twenty  blossoms  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  Corolla,  bell-shaped,  slightly 
irregular.  The  ten  stamens  and  the  style  rarely 
exserted.  Flower-stem,  somewhat  sticky.  July, 
August. 


if) 


Fig.  84.— Great  Laurel.     (R.  maximum,  L.)    (a)  Flower. 
Fig-  85.— Rhoddra.     (R.  Canadense,  B.  S.  P.)    (6)  Fruit. 


1 84  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Leaves,  four  to  ten  inches  long,  thick,  alternate,  mostly 
crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  edge  entire, 
dark  and  very  smooth,  and  polished  above,  below 
paler,  and  often  slightly  rusty,  the  edges  somewhat 
rolled. 

Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,  not  common  in  New  England  and  New  York  ; 
very  common,  especially  along  woody  streams,  in  the 
mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  southward.  It  is 
never  found  on  limestone  formations. 

A  magnificently  flowering  evergreen  six  to  twenty 
feet  high,  with  irregular,  straggling  branches,  and  hard 
and  very  fine-grained  wood.  It  is  the  glory  of  the  woods 
and  glens  where  it  appears.  It  is  often  cultivated,  and 
easily,  if  it  is  sheltered  from  the  sun. 

Fig.  85.— Rhod6ra.     R.  Canade'nse  (L.),  B.S.P.,  ( R.  Rhodbra,  Don). 

Flowers,  about  one  inch  in  length,  irregular,  in  terminal 
clusters  of  three  to  five  stemless  blossoms.  Corolla, 
purplish-rose,  with  scarcely  any  tube,  split  into  two 
parts,  the  back  part  with  three  lobes,  the  front  part 
of  two  nearly  or  quite  distinct  petals.  Calyx,  small, 
persistent.  The  ten  unequal  stamens  and  the  style 
the  length  of  the  corolla.  Blossoms,  appearing  before 
the  leaves.  April,  May. 

Leaves,  oblong  to  somewhat  reverse  egg-shape,  pale,  more 
or  less  downy.  Bark,  smooth  and  brown. 

Fruit,  as  above  ;  oblong  and  downy.  Seeds,  oblong  and 
winged. 

Found,  in  moist  ground  from  Canada  to  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania. 


Heath  (Ericacecz)  185 

A  shrub  one  to  three  feet  high,  each  stem  divided 
into  several  branches  ;  these,  while  still  entirely  leafless, 
bearing  at  their  ends  showy  clusters  of  rosy  blossoms. 


I  remember  the  first  Rhodora  I  ever  saw ;  it  was 
growing  on  a  flat  bit  of  land,  close  by  the  low  bank  of 
the  Penobscot — a  bush  on  fire,  without  a  sign  of  green 
about  it. 

"  Rhodora  !  if  the  sages  ask  thee  why 
This  charm  is  wasted  on  the  earth  and  sky, 
Tell  them,  dear,  that  if  eyes  were  made  for  seeing; 
Then  beauty  is  its  own  excuse  for  being. 
Why  thou  wert  there,  O  rival  of  the  rose  ! 
I  never  thought  to  ask,  I  never  knew  ; 
But  in  my  simple  ignorance  suppose 
The  self-same  power  that  brought  me  there  brought  you." 
RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON. 

Lapland  Rose  Bay.     R.  Lapponicum,  Wahl. 

Flowers,  violet-purple,  dotted,  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
across,  regular,  in  terminal,  leafy  clusters  of  few  blos- 
soms. Corolla,  open,  bell-shape.  Stamens,  five  to 
ten,  exserted.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  thick,  crowded,  about  one  half  an  inch 
long  and  half  as  wide,  elliptical,  alternate ;  edge 
entire  and  revolute.  Apex,  blunt,  roughened  above 
and  below  with  hollowed  rusty  scales.  Branches, 
dotted,  like  the  leaves,  with  rusty  scales. 

Found,  on  the  high  mountain  summits  of  New  England 
and  New  York,  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  coasts. 

A  thickly  spreading  evergreen  shrub  six  to  ten  inches 
in  height. 


i86  Heath  (Ericacece) 

(9)  Genus  LEDUM,  L. 
Fig.  86.— Labrador  Tea.    L.  latifblium,  Ait. 

Flowers,  white,  small,  in  terminal  clusters  of  about  twelve 
or  more  blossoms.  Corolla,  of  five  separate  petals, 
spreading  and  reverse  egg-shape.  Calyx,  minute. 
Stamens,  five  to  seven.  Anthers,  opening  by  terminal 
pores.  Seed-case,  not  adherent  to  the  calyx.  May, 
July. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  oblong  or  narrow-oblong, 
alternate,  entire,  margins  strongly  rolled,  persistent ; 
smooth  above,  very  thickly  covered  beneath  with  a 
dense  white  or  rusty  wool. 

Fruit,  oblong,  pointed,  five-celled,  many-seeded,  splitting 
from  the  base  upward  ;  a  capsule. 

Found,  in  mountain  woods  and  cold,  damp  ground  from 
Pennsylvania  to  New  England,  westward  and  north- 
ward. 

A  shrub  one  to  three  feet  high,  easily  recognized  by 
its  woolly-lined  leaves.  The  leaves  are  very  astringent, 
and  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 


An  introduced  species  found  in  Labrador  and  north- 
westward is  L.  palustre,  L.,  with  narrower  leaves,  ten 
stamens,  and  shorter  fruit. 


Heatk  ( Ericacece)  187 


Fig.  86.— Labrador  Tea.    (L.  latifolium,  Ait.)    (a)  Fruit. 


1 88  Heath  (Ericacece) 

(10)  Genus  CLETHRA,  Gronov. 
Fig.  87.— Sweet  Pepper-Bush.     White  Alder.     C.  alnifblia,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  white,  fragrant,  in  abundant  terminal 
upright  spikes  from  three  to  five  inches  in  length. 
Corolla  of  five  separate  reverse  egg-shaped  petals. 
Calyx,  whitish-downy,  five-parted,  persistent.  Sta- 
mens, ten,  usually  exserted  beyond  the  corolla. 
Anthers,  arrow-shape.  Style,  slender,  and  three- 
cleft  at  the  apex.  Flower-stems,  about  one  sixth  of 
an  inch  long  from  the  axil  of  a  bract  of  about  the 
same  length,  whitish-downy.  Seed-case,  not  adherent 
to  the  calyx,  but  enclosed  by  it.  July  and 
August. 

Leaves,  two  to  about  three  or  more  inches  long,  alternate, 
edge-toothed,  but  entire  toward  the  base,  strongly 
straight-veined,  mostly  smooth,  reverse  egg-shape  to 
oval  with  wedge-shaped  base.  Leaf-stem,  short  and 
downy. 

Fruit,  rounded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  three-celled,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds,  angular.  A  capsule. 

Found,  in  swamps  and  low  grounds  from  Eastern  Canada 
to  Georgia  ;  most  abundant  near  the  coast. 

A  shrub  three  to  eight  feet  high,  often  in  large 
patches,  filling  the  air  with  its  heavy  odor.  Its  fragrance 
and  late  blooming,  as  well  as  its  showy  flower-spikes, 
make  it  deserving  of  a  place  in  the  garden.  Its  clusters 
increase  in  size  under  cultivation.  It  is  highly  prized  in 
England. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  189 


Fig.  87.— Sweet  Pepper-Bush.     (C.  alnifalia,  L.) 


190  Olive  (Oleacecz) 

24.    Family    OLEACEyE.        (Olive    Fam.) 
Genus  CHIONANTHUS,  L.     (Fringe-Tree.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  snow"  and  "  flowers." 

Fig.  88.  — Fringe-Tree.     Old  Man's  Beard.     C.  Virginica,  L. 

Flowers,  snow-white,  in  long,  loose,  drooping  clusters. 
Petals,  four,  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  very  narrow, 
barely  united  at  the  base.  Calyx,  four-parted,  very 
small,  persistent.  Stamens,  two,  very  short.  Style, 
one,  notched.  Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx,  two- 
celled,  with  four  young  seeds  (only  a  part  ripening). 
April,  June. 


Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  three  to  six  inches  long,  edges 
entire,  smooth ;  outline  oval  to  reverse  egg- 
shape,  very  variable.  Apex,  pointed  or  sometimes 
rounded. 


Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  oval,  pur- 
plish, one-celled,  one-  to  three-seeded  ;  a  drupe. 


Found,   along  streams  from   New  Jersey  and   Southern 
Pennsylvania,  southward. 


A  shrub  six  to  ten  feet  high,  or  often  a  low  tree; 
common  in  cultivation  and  very  ornamental.  The  leaves 
are  supposed  to  be  useful  as  a  tonic  in  fevers. 


Olive  (Oleacecz)  191 


Fig.  88.— Fringe-Tree.     (C.  Virginica,  L.)    (a)  Flower-cluster,     (/>}  Fruit. 


192  Olive  (Oleacece) 

Genus  LIGUSTRUM,  Tourn. 
Privet.     [Z.  vulgare,  Z.] 

Flowers,  small,  white,  close,  in  upright  pyramid-shaped 
spikes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Corolla,  four- 
lobed.  Calyx,  small,  minutely  four-toothed.  Sta- 
mens, two.  Seed-case,  not  adherent  to  the  calyx. 
May,  June. 

Leaves,  simple,  three  quarters  to  two  inches  long,  oppo- 
site, edge  entire,  lance-shape  and  oval  to  reverse 
egg-shape,  acute  or  blunt,  very  smooth,  dark  green. 

Fruit,  rounded,  in  cone-shaped  bunches,  two-celled,  two- 
to  four-seeded,  black,  bitter,  ripe  in  July  ;  a  berry. 

Found,  in  woods  and  thicket0  from  New  Jersey  and  New 
York  to  Virginia  and  westward. 

A  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high,  naturalized  from 
Europe.  It  is  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  in  the  form 
of  low  hedges. 


CLASS  FIRST— CONTINUED 

(A  ngiospermce) 


Division  III 

PETALS  MOSTLY  LACKING 


193 


25.  Family  LAURACE^E.     (Laurel  Fam.) 
Genus  LINDERA,  Thumb.     (Spice-Bush.) 

From  the  name  of  a  Swedish  botanist. 

Fig.  89.— Spice-Bush.    Fever-Bush.     Benjamin-Bush.    Wild 
Allspice.     L.  Benzbin,  Blume. 

Flowers,  yellow,  small,  in  almost  stemless,  lateral  clusters, 
each  cluster  made  up  of  several  minor  clusters  of 
four  to  six  flowers,  with  four  early-falling  scales  at 
their  base,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  Corolla, 
lacking.  Calyx,  six-parted,  the  blossoms  generally 
of  two  forms  on  different  plants ;  the  staminate  with 
nine  stamens  in  three  rows,  the  inner  lobed  and  with 
glands  at  their  base  ;  the  pistillate  with  fifteen  to 
eighteen  undeveloped  stamens  in  two  forms.  Style, 
one.  Seed-case,  round  and  not  adherent  to  the 
calyx.  March,  April. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  entire, 
wedge-shape  to  reverse  egg-shape  and  oval,  nearly 
smooth. 

Fruit,  red,  reverse  egg-shape,  one-celled,  one-seeded  ;  a 
drupe. 

Found,  from  Ontario  and  New  England  southward  in 
damp  woods. 

An  aromatic  shrub  six  to  fifteen  feet  high.  The 
powdered  berries  have  sometimes  been  used  as  a  substitute 
for  allspice,  and  the  leaves  for  tea. 

194 


Laurel  ( Lauracece)  195 


Fig.  89. — Spice-Bush.      (L.  Benz6in,  Blume.)     (a)  Flower-clusters. 


196  Doiphne  (Tkymelceacece) 

26.   Family  THYMEL^ACE^.     (Daphne  Fam.) 

Genus  DIRCA,  L.     (Leatherwood.) 
Fig.  90.— Leatherwood.    Moosewood.    D  paliistris,  L. 

Flowers,  light  yellow,  three  or  four  in  a  cluster  at  the 
sides  of  the  branches,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 
Corolla,  wanting.  Calyx,  tubular,  without  spreading 
lobes,  its  edge  wavy  or  slightly  four-toothed.  Sta- 
mens, eight,  long  and  slender,  alternating  in  length. 
Style,  one,  it  and  the  stamens  exserted.  Seed-case, 
not  attached  to  the  calyx,  one-celled,  one-seeded. 
April. 

Leaves,  three  to  four  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  entire, 
reverse  egg-shape  to  oval.  Apex,  pointed  or  blunt. 
Base,  sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped.  Leaf -stem, 
short,  and  covering  the  leaf-bud  at  its  base.  Bark, 
fibrous,  and  remarkably  tough. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  an  inch  long,  oval,  pointed,  reddish, 
one-celled,  one-seeded  ;  a  berry-like  drupe. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf. 

A  much  branching  shrub,  two  to  five  feet  high,  with 
white  wood,  with  bark  that  is  leather-like  in  its  toughness. 
"It  has  so  great  strength  that  a  man  cannot  pull  apart 
so  much  as  covers  a  branch  one  half  or  one  third  of  an 
inch  in  diameter."  Millers  and  others  use  it  for  thongs, 
and  from  the  pliant  branches  baskets  are  made.  The 
Indians  used  it  for  cordage. 


Ddpkne  (Tkymeiceacece)  197 


9' 


Fig.  90.— Leatherwood.    (D.  pallistris,  L.) 
Fig.  91.— Shepherdia.     (S.  Canadensis,  Nutt.) 


198  Oleaster  (Elceagnacea) 

Genus  DAPHNE,  L.     (Mezereum.) 
Mezereum.     Daphne.     [D.  meztreum,  Z.] 

This  species  differs  from  the  above  chiefly  in  the  fol- 
lowing items : 

Calyx,  purplish-rose,  rarely  white,  with  four  spreading 
lobes.  Stamens  and  style,  if  present,  not  exserted. 

Leaves,  lance-shape. 

Found,  escaped  from  cultivation  in  Canada,  New  York, 
and  Massachusetts.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

27.  Family  EL^EAGNACE^E.     (Oleaster  Earn.) 

Genus  SHEPHERDIA,  Nutt.     (Shepherdia.) 

Fig.  91.— Shepherdia.     S.  Canadensis,  Nutt. 

Flowers,  very  small,  yellowish,  nearly  stemless,  of  two 
kinds  on  the  same  bush.  Corolla,  wanting.  Calyx, 
four-parted.  The  staminate  flowers  with  eight  sta- 
mens, in  lateral  clusters  ;  the  pistillate  often  solitary, 
with  one  style,  and  with  a  one-seeded  seed-case  enclosed 
by,  but  not  adherent  to,  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  opposite,  entire,  oblong 
or  egg-shape,  beneath  very  white-downy  and  sprinkled 
thickly  with  rusty  scales.  Branchlets,  and  flowers, 
also  marked  with  rusty  scales. 

Fruit,  size  of  a  small  pea,  round  or  oval,  yellowish-red, 
pulpy,  sweetish,  but  not  edible,  one-celled,  one-seeded, 
berry-like  ;  really  an  akene  within  the  pulpy  calyx. 

Found,  from  New  York  and  Vermont  westward  and  north- 
ward. 

A  shrub  three  to  six  feet  high,  curious  and  ornamental. 


Mistletoe  ( Lorantkacece)  199 

28.   Family  LORANTHACE^.     (Mistletoe  Fam.) 
Genus  PHORADENDRON,  Nutt.     (Am.  Mistletoe.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "thief"  and  "tree,"  because  of  the  mistletoe's 
parasitical  growth. 

Fig.  92. — American  Mistletoe.    P.  flavescens,  Nutt. 

Flowers,  small,  whitish,  in  spikes  in  the  angles  of  the 
leaves,  of  two  kinds,  on  separate  plants.  Corolla, 
wanting.  Calyx,  usually  three-lobed.  The  staminate 
flou>ers  with  a  sessile  anther  at  the  base  of  each  lobe  ; 
the  pistillate  with  a  seed-case  that  is  one-celled,  one- 
seeded,  and  adherent  to  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  three  quarters  to  one  and  a  third  inches  in 
length,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  reverse  egg-shape  to 
oval.  Base,  slightly  pointed  or  rounded,  stemless, 
thick,  fleshy,  with  three  strong  veins  radiating  from 
the  base.  Stem,  brittle  at  the  joints. 

Fruit,  round,  white,  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  in  spikes  and 
clusters,  one-seeded ;  pulpy,  the  pulp  very  sticky  ; 
a  berry. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  to  Southern  Indiana  and  south- 
ward, growing  firmly  on  the  branches  of  various  trees. 

A  much-branching  evergreen  parasite,  one  to  one  and 
a  half  feet  high.  Its  propagation  is  by  help  of  the  sticky 
pulp,  which  holds  the  fruit  to  the  bark  where  it  falls, 
until  the  seed  takes  root.  As  the  plant  grows  it  feeds  on 
the  juices  of  the  tree. 


In  Scandinavian  mythology  it  is  recorded  that  Balder 
(the    Scandinavian    counterpart    of    Apollo)    was    proof 


200  Sandalwood  (Santalacece) 

against  anything  whatsoever  that  had  its  source  in  either 
of  the  four  elements,  fire,  air,  earth,  or  water.  But  his 
enemy  Loke,  the  Spirit  of  Evil,  made  an  arrow  out  of 
mistletoe,  which  grows  from  none  of  these  things,  and 
with  this  arrow  Balder  was  slam. 

The  Druids  held  in  the  highest  veneration  whatever 
grew  on  the  oak  ;  especially  they  reverenced  the  mistletoe. 
When  it  was  found,  two  fat  bulls  were  sacrificed  beneath 
it.  and  a  priest,  clothed  in  white,  cut  it  down  with  a 
golden  knife. 

Traces  of  the  ancient  esteem  for  the  mistletoe  are 
still  found  in  old  English  and  German  customs,  such  as 
"  kissing  under  the  mistletoe,"  and  its  various  uses  at  the 
Christmas-time.  Its  sprays  were  supposed  to  have 
magical  powers ;  they  were  used  as  charms. 

There  is  a  tradition  that  the  cross  was  made  from  the 
wood  of  the  mistletoe,  which  up  to  that  time  was  a  large 
tree,  but  then  was  condemned  to  live  for  evermore  as  a 
parasite. 

29.   Family  SANTALACE^.      (Sandalwood  Fam.) 
Genus  PYRULARIA,  Michx.     (Oil-Nut.) 

From  a  Latin  word  meaning  "  pear,"  because  of  the  shape  of  its  fruit, 
Fig.  93.— Oil-Nut.       Buffalo-Nut.       P.  p^bera,  Michx. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  short,  terminal,  few-flowered 
spikes.  Corolla,  wanting.  Calyx,  five-cleft,  some- 
times of  two  kinds  on  separate  plants.  Staminate 
flowers,  with  five  stamens  opposite  the  sepals ;  pistil- 
late with  the  one  style  short  and  thick,  and  the  seed- 
case  adherent  to  the  calyx,  excepting  at  its  flat 
summit,  one-celled,  and  two-  to  four-seeded.  May. 


Fig.  92.— American  Mistletoe.     (P.  flav6scens,  Nutt.) 
Fig.  93.— Oil-Nut.     (P.  pubera,  Michx.) 


202  Sweet-Gale  (Myricacece) 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  entire, 
oblong  to  egg-shape,  very  veiny,  minutely  dotted. 

Fruit,  about  one  inch  long,  pear-shaped,  fleshy,  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  persistent  calyx,  one-celled, 
one-seeded  ;  drupe-like. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia. 

A  shrub  three  to  twelve  feet  high,  with  every  part, 
especially  the  fruit,  flavored  with  an  acrid  oil. 

30.   Family  MYRICACE^.     (Sweet-Gale  Fam.) 
Genus  MYRICA,  L.      (Bayberry,  etc.) 

Flowers,  solitary,  under  a  scale-like  bract,  of  two  kinds  : 
the  staminate  in  oblong  or.  cylindrical  clusters  ;  the 
pistillate  axillary,  in  egg-shape,  oval,  or  globular 
clusters.  Corolla,  lacking.  Stamens,  two  to  eight, 
somewhat  united  below.  Seed-case,  free,  with  two  to 
eight  scales  at  its  base,  and  two  thread-like  stigmas, 
one-celled,  one-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  toothed,  fragrant, 
resinous-dotted  under  the  lens. 

Fruit,  one-celled,  one-seeded,  round  to  oblong,  coated 
with  wax  or  with  resinous  grains ;  a  dry,  drupe-like 
nut 

Fig.  94. — Bayberry.     Wax  Myrtle.    M.  ccrtfera,  L. 

Flowers,  the  two  kinds  mostly  on  separate  plants,  the 
staminate  clusters  oblong,  erect,  less  than  one  inch 
long,  on  the  sides  of  the  last  year's  twigs,  scattered  ; 
the.  pistillate  clusters  oval.  May. 


203 


Fig.  94. — Bayberry.    (M.  cerifera,  L.) 

Fig.  95.— Sweet-Gale.    (M.  Gale,  L.) 

Fig.  96. — Sweet  Fern.     M.  asplenifolia  (L.)  Banks. 


204  Sweet-Gale  (Myricacece) 

Leaves,  one  and  one  half  to  three  inches  long,  smooth, 
and  shining  on  both  sides.  Apex,  pointed  or  blunt, 
and  tipped  with  the  end  of  the  mid-vein,  entire  or 
remotely  toothed  toward  the  apex.  Leaf-stem,  dis- 
tinct. 

Fruit,  about  one  eighth  inch  in  diameter,  round  and  nut 
like,  greenish  at  first,  then  blackish,  and  when  ripe 
crusted  with  whitish  wax,  clustered  on  short  stems 
below  the  leaves,  usually  four  to  nine  in  a  cluster, 
sometimes  remaining  in  place  for  two  or  three  years. 

Found,  near  the  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  and 
on  Lake  Erie,  oftenest  on  dry,  sandy  soil. 

A  compact,  much-branching  shrub,  two  to  eight  feet 
high,  often  growing  in  masses.  The  wax  of  the  gathered 
berries,  when  removed  by  soaking  in  boiling  water,  forms 
the  "  bayberry  tallow"  of  commerce. 


"  The  production  of  myrica  wax,  or  bayberry  tallow, 
has  been  carried  on  to  a  somewhat  large  extent,  mostly 
for  the  manufacture  of  candles  and  soap.  Candles  made 
from  this  wax,  though  quite  brittle,  are  less  greasy  than 
others,  are  slightly  aromatic,  and  are  smokeless  after 
snuffing.  The  wax  is  obtained  by  boiling  the  berries  and 
then  skimming  the  water.  It  saponifies  readily  with  a 
solution  of  caustic  potash,  yielding  a  fragrant  soap.  Four 
pounds  of  berries  yield  about  one  pound  of  wax. 

Fig.  95.— Sweet-Gale.    Dutch  Myrtle.    M.  Gale,  Z. 

Flowers,  the  two  kinds  mostly  on  separate  plants  ;  the 
staminate  clusters  terminal,  one  inch  or  more  in 
length,  closely  clustered  ;  the  pistillate  clusters  axil- 
lary, about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length,  oval. 


Sweet-Gale  (Myricacecz)  205 

Leaves,  three  quarters  to  one  and  one  half  inches  long, 
entire  for  about  two  thirds  the  length,  sharp-toothed 
toward  the  apex,  fragrant  when  crushed,  appearing 
later  than  the  flowers.  Apex,  blunt  or  slightly 
pointed.  Leaf-stem,  very  short. 

Fruit,  round,  dotted ;  two-winged  by  two  thick,  egg- 
shaped  scales,  crowded  in  an  oblong  head ;  usually 
two  to  six  nuts  in  each  cluster. 

Found,  on  the  borders  of  ponds  from  Canada  and  south- 
ward in  the  mountains,  to  Carolina. 

A  branching  shrub,  three  to  five  feet  high. 

Fig.  96.— Sweet-Fern.     M.  asplenifblia  (L.),  Banks. 

Flowers,  the  two  kinds  often  on  the  same  plant,  the 
pistillate  forms  in  rounded  clusters  with  the  seed- 
cases  surrounded  by  eight  narrow,  persistent  scales. 
April,  May. 

Leaves,  one  to  six  inches  long,  narrow,  pointed,  with 
large  rounded,  lobe-like  teeth. 

Fruit,  a  small  nut,  egg-shape  or  oval,  brown,  in  clusters, 
and  clothed  with  the  lengthened  persistent  scales. 
September. 

Found,  in  dry,  poor,  ground,  often  in  large  patches,  from 
North  Carolina  northward  and  westward. 

A  shrub,  round-headed,  one  to  two  feet  high,  very 
aromatic  when  crushed.  It  is  much  used  in  some  locali- 
ties, medicinally,  for  summer  complaints  and  for  bathing 
bruises,  and  in  rheumatism. 


"  The   early   colonists    of    Massachusetts,    unfamiliar 
with   the  innocent  qualities  of  the  plant,  tell  how,  in  a 


206  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

journey  through  the  '  wilderness '  from  Boston  to  Con- 
cord, some  of  their  number  were  made  to  faint  by  the 
powerful  odor  of  the  abundant  sweet  fern,  growing  in 
large  patches  along  their  way." — RALPH  WALDO  EMER- 
SON in  Atlantic  Monthly  of  January,  1892. 

31.   Family  CUPULIFER^.     (Oak  Fam.) 

Flowers,  of  two  kinds  on  the  same  plant  :  the  staminate  forms  in  long, 
slim  clusters  (or  in  the  beech,  in  rounded  clusters) ;  the  pistillate, 
variously  arranged.  Seed-cases,  two-  to  seven-celled,  with  one  to 
two  young  seeds  in  each  cell,  but  all  disappearing  in  fruit  excep- 
ting one  cell  and  one  seed. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed  or  lobed. 

Fruit,  one-celled,  one-seeded  ;  clustered  nutlets,  or  nuts,  or  acorns. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(i)  Betula  (Birch).  (2)  Alnus  (Alder).  (3)  Corylus  (Hazel-nut). 

(4)  Carplnus  (Hornbeam).       (5)  Quercus  (Oak).  (6)  Castanea  (Chestnut). 

(i)  Genus  BETULA,  Tourn.     (Birch.) 

Flowers,  the  staminate  forms  in  long,  drooping,  stemless 
clusters,  golden  in  spring,  appearing  with  or  before 
the  leaves,  three  blossoms  and  two  small  bracts  to 
each  shield-like  scale  ;  the  pistillate  forms  in  oblong 
or  cylindrical  stemmed  clusters,  two  or  three  blossoms 
to  each  three-lobed  bract. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed. 

Fruit,  clustered,  broadly  winged,  scale-like,  crowned  with 
the  two  stigmas  ;  a  scale-like  nutlet. 

Fig.  97.— Low  Birch.     B.  pbmila,  L. 

Flowers,  the  pistillate  forms  in  short,  erect  clusters; 
clusters  of  both  forms  about  one  half  to  three  quarters 
of  an  inch  long. 


Oak  (Cupultferce)  207 


Fig.  97.— Low  Birch.    (B.  pftmila,  L.)    (a)  Fruiting  cluster. 


208  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

Leaves,  one  half  to  one  and  one  third  inches  long,  rounded 
or  wedge-shape,  or  sometimes  egg-shape.  Bark, 
brownish. 


Fruit,  with  its  wing  mostly  narrower  than  the  rest  of  the 
nutlet. 


Found,  in  wet  ground  in  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey, 
and  westward,  and  in  the  mountains  of  New  England 
and  northward. 

A  shrub  two  to  eight  feet  high. 


Dwarf  Birch.     B.  glandulbsa,  Michx. 
Flower-dusters  and  fruit,  much  as  in  the  last. 

Leaves,  reverse  egg-shape  to  rounded,  one  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long. 

Branches,  marked  with  resinous,  wart-like  dots. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  New  England  far  north- 
ward. 

A  shrub  one  to  four  feet  high. 


B.  papyri/era,  var.  minor,  Tuck.,  is  a  low  form  of  the 
"  Paper  Birch,"  six  to  nine  feet  high,  found  in  the  higher 
parts  of  the  White  Mountains. 


Oak  (Cupuliferce)  209 

(2)  Genus  ALNUS,  Tourn.     (Alder.) 

Staminate  flowers,  in  long,  drooping  clusters  with  three 
(sometimes  six)  blossoms,  and  four  or  five  small 
bracts  to  each  shield-shaped  scale.  Pistillate  flowers, 
in  oval  or  oblong  clusters,  with  two  or  three  blossoms 
to  each  fleshy  scale.  Scales  and  bracts,  woody  in 
fruit. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed. 


Fruit,  in  "  cones,"  sometimes  winged,  scale-like,  clustered. 
A  scale-like  nutlet. 


Green  Alder.    Mountain  Alder.    A.  viridis,  D.  C. 

Pistillate  dusters,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long,  on  slender  stalk,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 
April. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  rounded 
and  heart-shaped. 

Fruit,  with  a  thin,  broad  wing.     August. 

Found,  along  streams  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
North  Carolina,  and  from  Western  Massachusetts 
and  New  York  westward  and  far  northward. 

A  shrub  three  to  eight  feet  high. 


210  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

Fig.  98. — Smooth  Alder.     A.  serulctta,  Willd. 

Flowers,  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  the  staminate 
clusters  two  to  three  inches  in  length,  forming  droop- 
ing tassels  of  purple  and  gold,  three  to  five  together 
on  short  terminal  foot-stalks ;  the  fertile  clusters 
usually  from  the  same  point,  erect,  three  or  four 
together,  one  quarter  to  one  third  of  an  inch  long, 
but  later  enlarging  to  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long, 
and  becoming  hard  and  cone-like.  March,  April. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  often  crumpled  between 
the  prominent  veins,  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape. 
Base,  acute  or  rounded,  green  above  and  below, 
sharp-toothed,  sometimes  double-toothed,  mostly 
smooth,  usually  slightly  downy  on  the  veins  beneath. 

Fruit,  wingless,  egg-shape.     September. 

Found,  common  in  wet  land  from  Massachusetts  west- 
ward and  southward. 

A  shrub  six  to  fifteen  feet  high,  often  forming  thick 
clumps,  the  common  alder  southward.  The  wood,  when 
large  enough,  is  excellent  for  fuel.  The  charcoal  from  it 
is  preferred  to  any  other  in  compounding  gunpowder. 

Speckled  Alder.    Hoary  Alder.     A.  inebna,  Willd. 

Flowers,  with  much  the  same  aspect  as  those  of  the 
smooth  alder. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  broad  oval. 
Base,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  or  sometimes 
pointed,  mostly  downy  and  hairy  beneath,  sharp- 
toothed,  sometimes  double-toothed. 


Oak  (Cuputiferce) 


.  Fig.  98.— Smooth  Alder.     (A.  seru&ta,  Willd.) 
(a)  Pistillate  clusters.      (!>}  Staminate  clusters,     (c)  "  Cones.' 


212  Oak  (  C^ipul^ferce ) 

Fruit,  wingless,  slightly  margined,  orbicular. 

Found,    in   wet   land   from   Massachusetts   westward    and 
northward. 

A  shrub  eight  to  twenty  feet  high  ;  the  common  alder 
northward. 


(3)  Genus  C6RYLUS,  Tourn.     (Hazel-nut.) 

Probably  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  "helmet"  from  the  bonnet-like  covering 
of  the  nut. 

Flowers,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate  forms 
with  eight  stamens,  in  long,  drooping  clusters ;  the 
pistillate  form,  several  from  a  scaly  bud,  each  a 
single  adherent  seed-case  tipped  with  the  end  of  the 
calyx,  with  two  side  bractlets,  a  style,  and  two  slender 
stigmas.  April. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed,  folded  lengthwise  in  the 
bud. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  small  marble,  oval  or  rounded  to 
oblong,  bony,  covered  with  a  large,  leafy,  downy 
wrap  with  slashed  edges,  often  in  clusters ;  a  bony 
nut. 


Fig.  99.— Wild  Hazel-nut.     C.  Americana,  Walt. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  clusters  two  to  three  inches  long, 
and  two  to  five  together.  April. 

Leaves,  three  to  six  inches  long,  rather  coarse,  rough 
above,  downy  and  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  out- 
line variable  from  egg-shape  to  slightly  reverse 
egg-shape.  Leaf-stem,  covered  with  glandular  hairs. 


213 


Fig.  99.— Hazel-nut.     (C.  Americana,  Walt.) 
Fig.  100  —Beaked  Hazel-nut.     (C.  rostrata,  Ait.) 


2i4  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

Fruit,  rounded,  the  wrap  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
nut,  broad,  with  spreading  and  coarsely-toothed  edge, 
opening  down  to  the  nut.  September. 

Found,  common,  often  forming  clumps  along  the  borders 
of  fields  and  woods  from  Canada  southward. 

A  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high.  Its  nuts  are  of 
pleasant  flavor,  but  inferior  in  quality  to  the  English 
"filberts." 

Fig.  100.— Beaked  Hazel-nut.     C.  rostrata,  Ait. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  clusters  about  one  inch  long,  alone 
or  in  pairs.  April. 

Leaves,  much  as  in  the  preceding,  but  oftenest  smaller — 
about  three  inches  or  less  in  length. 

Fruit,  much  as  in  the  preceding,  but  with  the  wrap 
curiously  lengthened  into  a  long,  tubular  beak. 
September. 

Found,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey  and  westward, 
and  in  the  mountains  southward  to  Georgia. 

A  shrub  two  to  six  feet  high,  much  less  common  than 
the  preceding. 

(4)  Genus  CARPJNUS,  L. 

Fig.  101. — Hornbeam.      Ironwood.      Water  Beech.      Blue 
Beech.     C  Caroliniana,  Walt. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  form  with  several  stamens  in  the 
axil  of  a  scale-like  bract,  in  drooping  clusters  an  inch, 
or  usually  less,  in  length  at  the  sides  of  the  branches ; 
the  pistillate  form  in  numerous  pairs,  spiked  in  a 
loose,  terminal  cluster,  about  two  inches  long.  April. 


Oak  (CupuUJerce) 


215 


Fig.  loi.— Hornbeam.     (C.  Caroliniana,  Walt.)    (a)  Fruit  scales. 


216  Oak  (Cupulifercz) 

Leaves,  usually  three  or  four  inches  long,  but  with  many 
smaller  leaves  of  varying  size  on  the  same  branch ; 
nearly  smooth,  slightly  hairy  on  the  straight  and 
distinct  ribs,  and  in  their  angles. 

Fruit,  in  a  loose,  drooping  cluster,  with  leaf-like,  strongly 
three-lobed  scales  ;  dark,  small,  egg-shape,  piaced  in 
pairs  base  to  base  ;  clustered  nutlets.  October. 

Found,  along  streams  and  in  swamps ;  quite  common 
north,  south,  and  west ;  southward  often  as  a  tree. 

A  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  usually  ten  to 
twenty  feet  high,  but  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  fifty  feet.  Its  wood 
is  white,  very  compact,  and  strong. 

(5)  Genus  QUERCUS,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish  or  yellowish,  the  staminate  form 
with  a  two-  to  eight-lobed  calyx,  and  with  three  to 
twelve  stamens,  in  slender,  drooping  clusters ;  the 
pistillate  form  with  a  seed-case  containing  three  more 
or  less  complete  cells,  and  six  young  seeds  (only  one 
of  which  develops),  and  with  a  three-lobed  stigma — 
all  in  a  scaly,  bud-like  wrap,  which  becomes  the  cup 
of  the  acorn. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate. 
Fruit,  an  acorn. 

Fig.  102.— Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak.     Scrub-Oak.    Q.  Muhlenbtrgii, 
Eng.  var.  hiimilis,  Britton.     (  Q.  prinotdes,  Willd.). 

Leaves,  three  to  four  inches  long,  with  large,  or  sometimes 
small  wavy  teeth,  usually  four  to  eight  on  each  side, 
light  green  and  polished  above,  whitish  or  bluish, 
and  fine  downy  beneath.  Leaf-stem,  one  quarter  to 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  long. 


Oak  (Cnpuhferce) 


217 


Fig.   102.— Dwarf   Chestnut    Oak.     (Q.   MuhlinMrgii,   Eng.   var.   h&milis, 

Britton.) 
Fig.  103.— Bear  Oak.     (Q.  iliciftlia,  Willd.) 


218  Oak  (Cupulifercz) 

Fruit,  middle  size,  abundant,  sweet,  egg-shape.  Cup, 
rounded,  with  small  scales.  September. 

Found,    from    Massachusetts    westward   and    southward; 

not  common. 
A  shrub  seldom,  if  ever,  more  than  three  or  four  feet 

in  height ;  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  oaks. 

Fig.  103.- -Bear  Oak.     Shrub  Oak.    Scrub-Oak.     Q.  ilitifblia, 

Willd. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  with  three  to  seven 
(usually  five)  angular,  often  bristle-tipped  lobes, 
beneath  downy,  especially  in  the  axils  of  the  veins, 
and  very  silvery  or  grayish-white.  Leaf-stem  very 
variable  in  length. 

Fruit,  abundant,  oval  or  egg-shape,  about  one  half  inch  long, 
dark  brown,  marked  lengthwise  with  pale  lines.  Cup, 
saucer-shape  with  a  top-shaped  base.  September. 

Found,   on    barren   and  sandy   soil    from    New   England 
southward  ;  common. 
A   much  branching,  straggling  shrub  three  to  eight 

feet  high,  often  growing  in  masses  ;    called  "  bear  oak," 

possibly    from    the    liking    of    bears,   when    bears    were 

common,  for  the  abundant  acorns. 


FROM  NOTE-BOOK. 

February.  Bear  Oak.  The  silver-backed,  little  brown 
leaves  still  cling  thickly  to  the  crowded  and  scraggy 
branches.  Most  of  the  many  acorns  have  fallen  ;  a  few 
cups  remain  in  place. 

(6)  Genus  CASTANEA,  Tourn.     (Chestnut.) 
Fig.  104.— Dwarf  Chestnut.     Chinquapin.     C.  piimila,  Mill. 
Flowers,  yellowish-white,  appearing  later  than  the  leaves. 
Calyx,   mostly  six-lobed ;    the  staminate  with  eight 


Oak  (Cupuliferce)  219 


Fig.  104.— Dwarf  Chestnut.     (C.  pilmila,  MilL) 


220  Willow  (Salicacecz) 

to  twenty  stamens,  in  drooping  clusters  two  to  three 
inches  long  ;  the  pistillate,  usually  three  together, 
in  an  oval,  scaly,  prickly  wrap. 

Leaves,  three  to  five  inches  long,  sharp-toothed,  promi- 
nently straight-veined,  white-downy  beneath.  Base, 
usually  blunt. 

Fruit,  solitary,  oval,  pointed,  about  one  half  the  size  of 
the  common  chestnut,  very  sweet,  not  flattened, 
enclosed  in  a  very  prickly  wrap  about  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter  ;  a  prickly-covered  nut.  October. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  and  Southern  Pennsylvania 
south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Indiana  and  Texas. 

A  spreading  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  six  to 
twelve  feet  high. 


32.   Family 
Genus  SALIX,  Tourn.     (Willow.) 

Flowers,  in  long  clusters,  one  flower  to  each  entire-edged 
bract  ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  on  separate 
plants  ;  the  staminate  with  two  to  ten  (mostly  two) 
stamens  ;  the  pistillate  with  style  short  or  wanting, 
and  two  short  stigmas. 

Leaves,  alternate,  usually  long,  narrow,  and  pointed. 
Fruit,  one-celled,  many-seeded  ;  a  capsule. 

Fig.  105.  —  Lon^-leaved  Willow.     S.  longifblia,  Muhl. 

Leaves,  very  narrow-lanceolate,  two  to  four  inches  long, 
tapering  at  each  end,  remotely  sharp-toothed,  nearly 
stemless. 

Found,  growing  in  thick  clumps  along  the  coast  from 
Maine  to  the  Potomac  ;  not  common. 


Willow  (Salicacece) 


221 


Fig.  105.— Long-Leaved  Willow.     (S.  longifdlia,  Muhl., 
Fig.  106.— Prairie  Willow.     (S.  hilmilis,  Marsh.) 

(a)  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  enlarged. 
Fig.  107.— Dwarf  Gray  Willow.     (S.  tristis,  Ait.) 

Fig.  108.— Silky  Wil'ow.     (S.  sericea,  Marsh.) 
Fig.  109. — Long-Stalked  Green  Osier.     (S.  petio*aris,  Smith.) 


222 


Willow  (Salicacece) 


A  peculiar  American  species,   about   two   feet   high, 
very  variable. 

Glaucus  Willow.     Bog  Willow.     S.  discolor,  Muhl. 

Leaves,  two  to  five  inches  long,  one  to  nearly  two  inches 
wide,  oblong  or  reverse  egg-shape,  pointed,  unevenly 
toothed,  teeth  remote  at  the  base,  becoming  finer 
and  closer,  and  disappearing  toward  the  apex.  Leaf- 
stem,  one  half  inch  or  more  in  length. 

Found,  common  in  damp  grounds  from  Canada  to  North 
Carolina ;  seven  to  fifteen  feet  high. 

Fig.  106. — Prairie  Willow.     S.  hitmilis,  Marsh. 

Leaves,  reverse  lance-shape  to  oblong,  pointed,  or  the 
lowest  ones  reverse  egg-shape  and  obtuse ;  edge 
entire  and  often  slightly  rolled  under,  or  "  crinkly," 
very  variable.  Leaf-stem,  distinct. 

Found,  common  in  dry  fields ;  three  to  eight  feet  high. 

Fig.  107.— Dwarf  Gray  Willow.    S.  tristis,  Ait. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches,  crowded,  very  narrow  reverse- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  very  short  leaf-stem,  edge 
entire  and  slightly  wavy  and  somewhat  rolled  under 
Apex,  pointed  or  somewhat  blunted,  under  surface 
often  downy. 

Found,  common  in  dry  ground,  one  to  one  and  a  hah 
feet  high,  downy,  with  the  leaves  often  clustered  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Fig.  108.— Silky  Willow.     Gray  Willow.     S.  sericea,  Marsh. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  narrow  lance-shape, 
taper-pointed,  finely  and  evenly  toothed,  drying 
black,  when  young  very  silky. 


Willow  ( Salicacece)  223 

Found,  in  low,  wet  ground,  oftenest  east  of  the  Lakes  ; 
six  to  eight  feet  high. 

Fig.  109. — Long-Stalked  Green  Osier.     S.  petiol&ris,  Smith. 

Leaves,  much  as  in  the  last,  less  liable  to  blacken  in  dry- 
ing, and  less  silky  when  young. 

Found,  in  low  ground,  oftenest  west  of  the  Lakes. 

A  bush  four  to  fifteen  feet  high.     The  little  twigs  are 
used  in  basket-making. 

S.  argyrocarpa.    Anders. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  tapering  evenly  toward 
both  ends,  margin  wavy-toothed,  and  slightly  rolled 
back.  Leaf-stem,  short. 

Found,  in  dense  patches  in  high  mountain  ravines  of  New 
Hampshire  and  in  Lower  Canada  and  Labrador ; 
one  to  two  feet  high. 

Mountain  Willow.     S.  phylicifblia,  L. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  lance- 
shape,  remotely  and  finely  toothed,  very  smooth 
above  and  below. 

Found,  in  high  ravines  of  the  White  Mountains,  and  on 
Mount  Mansfield,  Vermont ;  one  to  ten  feet  high.  • 

Fig.  no.— Sage  Willow.     Hoary  Willow.     S.  Candida,  Willd. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  or  more  in  length,  lance-shape 
or  narrow  lance-shape,  mostly  taper-pointed ;  edge 
entire  or  obscurely  toothed  at  the  apex,  and  rolled 
under  ;  densely  white-downy  beneath. 


224  Willow  (SalicacecB) 

Found,  in  cold,  wet  ground  from  New  Jersey  westward 
and  northward. 

A  shrub  two  to  six  feet  high,  hoary,  the  new  shoots 
white-woolly,  the  older  shoots  red. 

Fig.  in. — Heart-Leaved  Willow.     S.  cordbta,  Muhl. 

Leaves,  long  lance-shape,  sharp-toothed  or  nearly  entire, 
not  blackening  in  drying.  Base,  pointed  to  heart- 
shape.  Leaf-stem,  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long. 

Found,  very  widely  distributed  in  wet  ground. 
The  most  variable  of  American  species. 

Fig.  112. — S.  balsamifera.    Barratt. 

Leaves,  with  base  broadly  rounded,  and  usually  somewhat 
heart-shaped.  Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender. 

Found,  in  wet  land  from  Maine  to  Iowa,  and  northward, 
in  clumps. 

Fig  113.— S.  myrtilloides.     Z. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  reverse  egg-shape  to 
oblong,  entire,  blunt  or  slightly  pointed,  margin 
rolled  under,  smooth  above  and  below. 

Found,  in  cold  swamps  in  New  Jersey,  and  from  New 
England  to  Iowa,  and  northward. 

Bear-Berry  Willow.    S.  Uva-tirsi,  Pursh. 

Leaves,  sometimes  elliptical  and  pointed,  sometimes  re- 
verse egg-shape  and  blunt ;  less  than  one  inch  long, 
slightly  toothed,  strongly  veined,  smooth  and  shining 
above. 

Found,  abundantly  over  the  high  mountain  summits  of 
Northern  New  England  and  New  York. 


225 


Fig.  no.— Sage  Willow.    (S.  cindida,  Willd.) 
Fig.  in.— Heart-Leaved  Willow.    (S.  cordata,  Muhl.) 

(a)  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  enlarged. 

Fig.  112. — Pear-Leaved  Willow.    (S.  balsamifera,  Barratt.) 

Fig.  113. — S.  myrtilloides,  L.     (Two  forms.) 


226          Crow -Berry  (  Rnipetracece) 

A   low   or  prostrate  shrub,   spreading  thickly  over  a 
surface  from  one  to  two  feet  in  diameter. 


Herb  Willow.     Arctic  Willow.     S.  herb&cea,  L. 

Leaves,  about  one  inch  long,  nearly  round.     Base,  hear 
shaped,  toothed,  veiny,  smooth,  and  shining. 

Found,  on   the  high  summits  of  the  mountains  of   New 
England  and  far  northward. 

The  smallest  of  its  family,  with  half  underground 
creeping  stems,  and  branches  that  seldom  rise  more  than 
one  or  two  inches  above  the  surface. 


33.  Family  EMPETRACE^E.     (Crow-Berry  Fam.) 
Genus  CORI^MA,  Don.     (Broom  Crow-Berry.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "broom." 

Fig.  114. — Broom  Crow-Berry.     C.  Conrddii,  Torr. 

Flowers,  sometimes  in  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms, 
and  on  different  bushes  ;  in  terminal  heads  of  ten  to 
fifteen  blossoms,  each  blossom  in  the  axil  of  a  scaly 
bract.  Corolla,  lacking.  Stamens,  three  (rarely  four), 
long  and  purple.  Style,  slender,  mostly  three-cleft 
Seed-case,  three-  to  four-celled,  not  adherent  to  the 
calyx.  March,  April. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  one  quarter  inch  long,  very  narrow, 
almost  line-like,  short,  crowded,  margins  entire  and 
rolled  under. 

Fruit,  round,  minute,  with  three  (sometimes  four  or  five) 
small  nutlets  ;  a  drupe. 


Crow-Berry  ( ELmpetracece)          227 


Fig.  114. — Broom  Crow-Berry.     (C.  Conrddii,  Torr  ) 


228  Crow-Berry  (Rmpetracece) 

Found,  in  sandy  barrens  and  in  dry,  rocky  ground, 
mostly  along  the  coast  from  New  Jersey  to  New- 
foundland, also  in  the  Shawangunk  Mountains  of 
New  York. 

A    much-branched    evergreen    heath-like   shrub,    six 
inches  to  two  feet  high. 

Genus  ^MPETRUM,  Tourn.     (Black  Crow-Berry.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  upon  "  and  "a  rock." 

Black  Crow-Berry.     E.  nlgrum,  L. 

Flowers,  reddish,  inconspicuous  in  the  angles  of  the 
upper  leaves,  with  scaly  bracts.  Corolla,  lacking. 
Sepals,  three.  Stamens,  three.  Style,  one,  very 
short,  with  six  to  nine  rays.  Seed-case,  six-  to  nine- 
celled,  not  adherent  to  the  calyx.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  about  one  quarter  inch  long,  evergreen,  crowded, 
lapping  each  other  and  covering  the  branches. 

Fruit,  round,  black,  a  drupe  with  six  to  nine  seed-like 
nutlets. 

Found,  in  Mount  Desert  and  along  the  coast  of  Maine, 
in  the  high  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  Eng- 
land, and  far  northward. 

A  spreading  and  prostrate  shrub  with  a  stem  one  to 
four  feet  long. 


CLASS  SECOND 

(Gymnospfrma) 


2*5 


34-  Family  CONIFERS.     (Pine  Fam.) 

Genus  JUNIPERUS,  L.     (Juniper.) 
Fig.  115. — Common  Juniper.    I  comments,  L. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  usually  on 
separate  plants,  in  small  clusters  or  cones  at  the 
sides  of  the  branches.  Corolla  and  calyx,  lacking. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  five  twelfths  to  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  line-like,  stiff,  sharp,  grooved  and  whitened 
above,  green  and  ridged  below  ;  in  clusters  (whorls) 
of  threes. 

Fruit,  bluish-black,  one  quarter  of  an  inch  or  more  in 
diameter,  with  one  to  three  bony,  wingless,  egg- 
shaped  seeds,  ripening  the  second  year  from 
flowering ;  berry-like. 

Found,  common  on  dry  land  from  New  Jersey  to  Canada 
and  Wisconsin. 

An  evergreen  shrub,  usually  low  and  flat  in  large 
beds,  with  many  spreading  or  drooping  and  rooting 
branches,  yet  sometimes  rising  six  to  eight  feet  in  pyra- 
midal form.  The  sweetish,  turpentine-flavored  berries 
are  medicinal — diuretic  and  stimulating. 

230 


Pine  (Conifers) 


231 


Fig.  115.— Common  Juniper.    (J.  communis.  L.) 
Fig.  1 16.— American  Yew.     (T.  Canad6nsis,  Willd.) 


232  Pine  (Comferce) 

Var.  alplna,  Gaud.,  is  a  prostrate  form  with  leaves 
less  spreading,  and  but  one  sixth  to  two  sixths  of  an  inch 
in  length  ;  found  from  Maine  to  Minnesota,  and  north- 
ward. 

Prostrate  Juniper.     I.  Sablna,  L.,  var.  procumbens,  Pursh. 

This  variety  differs 'from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 

Leaves,  mostly  opposite,  a  part  awl-shaped  and  loose,  the 
others  scale-like  and  close  to  the  branch  and  with  a 
resinous  gland  on  the  back. 

Friiit,  on  a  short,  curved  stem. 

Found,  on  rocky  banks,  borders  of  streams,  etc.,  from 
New  England  to  Northern  Minnesota,  and  north- 
ward. 

A  prostrate  or  sometimes  creeping  shrub. 
Genus  TAxus.     (American  Yew.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  a  "bow." 

Fig.  116. — American  Yew.     Dwarf  Yew.     Ground  Hemlock. 

T.  Canadensis,  Willd. 

Flowers,  at  the  sides  of  the  branches,  the  staminate  and 
pistillate  forms  usually  on  separate  plants ;  the  sta- 
minate form  small  and  rounded,  consisting  merely  of 
eight  to  ten  stamens  ;  the  pistillate,  solitary,  consist- 
ing of  an  erect  seed  with  a  ring-like  disk  which  ex- 
pands and  becomes  cup-like,  and  finally  pulpy  and 
drupe-like,  nearly  covering  the  nut-like  seed.  May. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long, 
line-like,  stiff,  sharp,  flat,  green  above  and  below, 
arranged  along  the  stem  in  two  rows. 


Skrubs  Not  Elsewhere  Named     233 

Fruit,  red,  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  slightly  hollowed  and 
open  at  the  top,  showing  the  black  seed  within  ; 
drupe-like.  August,  September. 

Found,  in  shaded  places,  especially  under  other  evergreens, 
from  New  Jersey  westward  and  northward. 

A  low,  straggling  evergreen  bush  two  to  three  feet 
high,  often  forming  broad,  flat  clumps.  Its  wcod  is 
yellowish-brown,  tough,  and  elastic.  It  was  often  used 
by  the  Indians  in  making  their  bows. 


SHRUBS    NOT    ELSEWHERE    NAMED. 

Primus  angustifolia,  Marsh. 

Prunus  cuneata,  Raf. 

Spiraea  Virginiana,  Britton. 

Rubus  neglectus,  Peck. 

Rtibus  Millspaughii,  Britton. 

Rhododendron  canescens  (Michx.),  Porter. 


**  We  see  here  a  perpetuall  Spring, 

A  gallant  flowering  May, 
Which  month  is  painter  of  the  world, 

As  some  great  Clerks  do  say. 
Rejoice  in  God     .     .     . 

Who  thus  hath  lent  the  strength, 
And  eke  inspirde  thee  with  such  grace, 

To  end  this  worke  at  length  ; 
And  doubt  not  but  herein  thou  hast 

Both  pleased  God  and  man  : 
Happie  art  thou  in  doing  this, 

Happie  when  thou  began." 

"  Thomas  Thorney,  to  his  learned  friend  and  loving  brother  in 
Art,  M.  John  Gerard." 

(Quoted  from  Gerard's  Herball,  London,  1597.) 


234 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS,  ETC 


235 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS. 
I. 

Shrubs,  as  distinguished  from  trees,  are  those  species 
which,  as  a  rule,  do  not  spring  from  the  ground  with  a 
single  branching  trunk. 

II. 

THE    FLOWER. 

(i)  The  flower,  when  complete,  is  composed  of 
petals  Fig.  a  (i)  ;  sepals,  Fig.  a  (2)  ;  stamens,  Fig.  b  (i), 
with  filament,  Fig.  b  (2),  and  anther,  Fig.  b  (3)  ;  pistil, 
Fig.  b  (4),  with  seed-case,  Fig.  b  (5)  ;  style,  Fig.  b  (6), 
and  stigma,  Fig.  b  (7). 


V      7.  Stigma 


These  parts  are  supported  by  the  receptacle,  Fig. 
b  (8).  The  corolla  (crown)  is  the  circle  of  the  petals  ; 
the  calyx  (cup)  is  the  circle  of  the  sepals. 

(2)  The  flower  is  pistillate,  when  the  pistil  is  present 
and  the  stamens  are  lacking ;  staminate,  when  the  sta- 
mens are  present  and  the  pistil  is  lacking. 

236 


Explanation  of  Terms  237 

(3)  The   seed-case  is  free,   when    it    is  not  attached 
along"    its    sides    to   the   calyx ;    adherent,    when   it  is  so 
attached. 

(4)  The  flower  is  terminal,  when  it  is  at  the  end  of  a 
branch  ;    axillary,  when  it  springs  from  the  base  of  the 
leaf-stem,  i.  e.,  from  the  "axil"  of  the  leaf. 


III. 

THE    FRUIT. 

The  fruit  consists  of  the  ripened  seeds  and  their 
wraps.  For  the  different  kinds  see  the  Fruit  Guide, 
page  29. 

IV. 

THE    LEAF. 

(i)  A  leaf  is  simple,  when  it  is  of  one  piece,  Fig.  d ; 
compound,  when  there  are  two  or  more  entirely  distinct 
parts,  called  leaflets  on  the  one  leaf-stem,  Fig.  c. 

A  compound  leaf  is  feather-shaped,  when  the  leaflets 
are  placed  along  the  sides  of  the  leaf-stem,  Fig.  c;  hand- 
shaped,  when  all  the  leaflets  radiate  from  the  end  of  the 
leaf-stem,  like  fingers  from  the  palm  of  the  hand.* 

(2)  The  leaf  is  entire,  when  its  edge  is  an  even  line 
without  indentations ;  toothed,  when  it  is  set  with  an 
indefinite  number  of  sharp  or  blunt  teeth  ;  lobed,  when  the 
indentations  are  deep  and  of  a  definite  number,  Fig.  d. 

*NoTE  i. — Compound  leaves  may  be  once,  twice,  or  three  times  compound. 

NOTE  2. — The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple 
leaf  by  the  absence  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 


238  Explanation  of  Terms 

(3)  The  leaf  is  needle-shaped,  or  line-shaped,  when  it  is 
very  narrow,  or  sometimes  scarcely  more  than  a  line,  e.  g., 
Juniper  and  Yew  ;  Lance-shape,  when  it  is  much  longer 
than  wide,  and  gradually  tapering  to  a  point,  e.  g.,  most 
Willows  ;  inversely  lance-shape,  when  gradually  tapering 
down  instead  of  up  ;  egg-shape,  when  it  is  of  the  general 
shape  -of  an  egg,  with  the  broadest  part  below  the  middle, 
but  without  regard  to  the  form  of  the  base  and  the  apex, 
Fig.  e;  inversely  egg-shape,  when  it  is  the  shape  of  an 


egg,  but  with  the  broadest  part  above  the  middle  ;   oval, 
with  the  broadest  part  at  the  middle. 

(4)  The  leaf  at  its  apex  may  be  pointed,  taper-pointed, 
bristle-pointed  (when  it  terminates    in  a  bristle),   Fig.  d, 
blunt  or  rounded. 

(5)  The  leaf  at  its  base   may  be  squared,  rounded, 
pointed,  wedge-shape  (when  it  tapers  to  a  point  by  straight 
lines),  or  heart-shape,  Fig.  f. 

(6)  The  leaves  as  arranged  upon  the  branch  may  be 
alternate,   when  they  follow  one  another  upon  different 


Explanation  of  Terms  239 

sides  of  the  branch  ;  opposite,  when  they  are  in  pairs  and 
on  opposite  sides  of  the  branches ;  indeterminate,  when 
they  are  closely  crowded  up  and  down  the  branches,  e.  g., 
Hudsonia  and  Yew. 


V. 

(1)  Stipules  are  appendages  of  the  nature  of  a  leaf, 
but  of  various  forms,  found  in  some  plants  in  pairs  at  the 
base  of  the  leaf-stems,  e.  g.,  in  the  Rose. 

(2)  Bracts  are  small  appendages  of  the  nature  of  a 
leaf,  but  of  various  forms,  found  oftenest  in  connection 
with,  or  just  below,  the  calyx,  e.  g.,  in  Leucothoe. 

(3)  The  axil  of  a  vein  or  a  leaf  is  the  angle  formed 
with  another  vein  or  with  a  branch. 


GLOSSARY. 


Achenium  orakene  (see  Fruit  Guide, 

PAGE 
P-  2Q.) 

Leaflet  (distinguished  from  leaf)   . 

PACK 

237 

Adherent       

237 

Legume  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  30)   . 

Alternate-leaved   .... 

238 

Lobed  

237 

Angiospermse  (plants  whose  seeds 

Needle-shaped      .         .         .       -. 

238 

are  covered)       .... 

19 

Opposite-leaved     .... 

239 

Anther  

239 

Oval      ....         .*'     1? 

238 

Axil      

237 

Persistent  (remaining  in  place  after 

Axillary         

237 

ripening)    ..... 

Berry  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29) 

Petal     

19 

Bract    

239 

Pistil     

236 

Bristle-pointed      .... 

238 

Pistillate        

236 

Calyx    

236 

Pollen  (the  contents  of  the  anther- 

Compound  leaf      .... 

236 

cells)          

Corolla           

236 

Pome  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29) 

Drupe  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29) 

Receptacle    

236 

Egg-shaped           .... 

238 

Rounded 

238 

Entire-edged         .... 

237 

Samara  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29)     . 

Feather-shaped      .... 

237 

Seed-case       

236 

Filament       ..... 

236 

Sepal    

236 

Follicle  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29)    . 

Shrub  (distinguished  from  tree) 

236 

Free      

237 

Simple  leaf   ..... 

237 

Fruit     ...... 

237 

Squared 

2^8 

Gymnospermae  (plants  whose  seeds 

Stamen                   .         . 

^JO 

236 

are  naked)          .... 

24 

Staminate      ..... 

236 

Hand-shaped        .... 

237 

Stigma  

236 

Heart-shaped        .... 

238 

Style     

236 

Indeterminate-leaved    . 

239 

Taper-pointed       .... 

238 

Inverse  egg-  or  lance-shaped 

238 

Toothed-edge        .... 

237 

Lance-shaped        .... 

238 

Twice  compound  .... 

237 

Leaflet  

237 

Wedge-shaped      .... 

238 

240 


SHRUBS  WORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION. 


Barberry        .... 
St.-John's-worts    . 
Prickly  Ash  (for  Hedges)       . 
Hop  Tree     .... 
Inkberry        .... 

PAGE 

.     38 

44 

47 
50 

54 
58 

Hydrangea   . 
Witch-Hazel 
Angelica  Tree 
Dogwoods  (Cornels) 
Viburnums    . 
Snowberry 

PAGE 
III 

.       118 

122 
.          126 
•         134 

•                 J44 

Buckthorn  (for  Hedges) 
New  Jersey  Tea    . 
Bladder-Nut 

62 
.         64 
68 
70 

Tartarian  Honeysuckle 
Leucothoe 
Groundsel  Tree     . 
Stagger-Bush 

.       149 
.       149 
•       154 

168 

86 

Kalmias 

176 

Steeple-Bush 
Nine-Bark 

88 
88 

Rhododendrons     . 
Fringe-Tree  . 

.       180 
190 

Roses 

88 

Privet 

IQO 

Thorns  (Cratsegus) 

Shepherdia   .         .         . 

198 

Sweet-scented  Shrub     . 

no 

241 


INDEX  OF  SHRUBS. 

The  names  of  families  are  given  in  CAPITALS,  of  genera  in  SMALL  CAPITALS, 
of  species  and  varieties  in  "  roman  type,"  and  synonyms  in  italics.  The  names  of 
introduced  species  are  enclosed  by  brackets. 


ACER  spicatum      .... 

PAGR 

66 

Arrow-wood,  Maple-leaved    . 
ASCYRUM  Crux  Andreae 

45 

Alder,  Black         . 

52 

stans 

44 

Green         .... 

209 

Ash,  Northern  Prickly 

47 

Hoary        .... 

2IO 

AsfMlNA  triloba     . 

38 

Mountain  .... 
Smooth       .... 

209 
210 

Azalea,  Clammy   . 
Flame-colored  . 

.       179 
182 

Speckled    .... 

2IO 

Purple 

.       180 

White        .... 

188 

Smooth     . 

.       180 

Wild  

210 

Allspice,  Carolina 

no 

Wild      .... 

no 

B 

ALNUS  incana        .... 

210 

serulata      .... 

2IO 

BACCHARIS  halimif61ia 

•       154 

viridis         .... 

209 

Barberry        .... 

.         38 

AMELANCHIER  Canadensis     . 

108 

BARBERRY 

.         38 

var.  alnifolia 

110 

Bayberry        .... 

202 

var.  oblon^ifblia. 

no 

Bay,  Rose      .... 

.       182 

var.  oligocarpa   . 

IIO 

Sweet   .... 

•         36 

spicata 

IIO 

Beach  Plum 

82 

AMORPHA  canescens 

78 

Bear  Oak      .... 

213 

fructic6sa 

78 

Beech.,  Blue  .... 

.       214 

ANACARDIACE.E     . 

70 

Water 

.       214 

ANDROMEDA  ligustrlna 

169 

Benjamin-bush      .         .         , 

.      194 

Mariana   . 

1  68 

BERBER1DACE.E      . 

.         38 

polifolia    . 

1  66 

BERBERIS  [vulgaris] 

.         38 

Andromeda,  Marsh 

1  66 

BETULA  glandulosa 

.       208 

Privet         .         .         . 

169 

papyrifera  var.  minor 

208 

Angelica  Tree       .... 

122 

pumila     . 

.       206 

ANONACE.E      .... 

38 

Bilberry,  Bog 

.       164 

ARALIACE^:     .... 

122 

Birch,  Low  .... 

.       206 

AR!LIA  spinosa     .... 

122 

Black  Alder. 

52 

Arrow-wood           .... 

133 

Blackberry,  High. 

94 

Arrow-wood,  Downy     . 

140 

Sind  . 

94 

2. 

t3 

244 


Index  of  Shrubs 


Blackcap       .... 
Black  Thorn 

PAGE 
92 
.               84 

COMPOSITE      .... 
CONIFERS        .... 

PACK 

154 
230 

Bladder-Nut,  American 

68 

Coral-berry  

I46 

Blueberry,  Common  Low 

.       162 

COREMA  Conradii  .... 

226 

Common  High 

.       163 

CORNACE.E       . 

124 

Dwarf 

.       162 

Cornel,  Alternate-leaved 

127 

Low     . 

.       163 

Long-leaved 

126 

Swamp 

.       163 

Panicled    .... 

127 

Blue  Tangle 

.       159 

Round-leaved    .         . 

124 

BUCKTHORN  . 

61 

Silky         .... 

126 

Buckthorn,  Alder-leaved 

62 

Cornel  .          .         .V        .         • 

126 

Carolina 

62 

C6RNUS  alternif61ia 

127 

[Common] 

62 

asperifolia       .        »        « 

126 

Lance-leaved 

61 

candidissima    .         ,         . 

127 

Buffalo-Nut 

200 

circinata  .         .         »  .       » 

124 

Burning-Bush 

.         58 

paniculata        .         . 

127 

Bush  Honeysuckle 

.       150 

sen'cea     .         .        •        * 

126 

Button-Bush 

.       152 

stolonifera       ... 

126 

C6RYLUS  Americana     . 

212 

C 

rostrata. 

214 

Calico-Bush  .... 
CALYCANTHACE^E 

.       174 
no 

Cranberry,  Bush    .... 
High  .... 
Tree   .         .         .         . 

134 
134 
134 

CALYCANTHUS        . 

no 

CRAT&GUS  coccinea     . 

104 

CALYCANTHUS  floridus  . 

in 

var.  macracantha     . 

104 

levigates 

no 

var.  mollis       .         ., 

104 

nanus     . 

no 

1  06 

CAPRIFOLIACE.E    . 

Carolina  Allspice  . 
CARPI.NUS  Carolina 

.       130 
no 
.      214 

[oxyacantha] 
parvifblia  .         . 
tomentosa   . 

1  08 
1  08 

106 

Cassandra      .... 

•       171 

unifl6ra 

108 

CASSANDRA  calyculata  . 

.       171 

Crow-berry,  Black 

228 

CASTANEA  pumila 

.      218 

Broom         .         . 

226 

CEAN6THUS  Americanus 

.        64 

CROW-BERRY           ; 

226 

ovatus        .         . 

64 

CROWFOOT       .         .        .        . 

34 

Ceanothus,  Narrow-leaved    . 
CELASTRACE^        . 

.   •     64 

.        58 

CUPULIFER^:  .... 
Currant,  Indian    .... 

206 
146 

CEPHALANTHUS  occidentalis 

.       152 

Currant,  Wild  Black    . 

118 

Cherry,  Choke 

84 

Wild  Red 

118 

Chestnut,  Dwarf  .         ... 
Chinquapin  .... 

.      218 
.      218 

Custard-Apple       .... 

38 

CHIONANTHUS  Virginica 

.       190 

D 

Chokeberry  .... 

IOO 

Choke-Cherry 

84 

Danfflcbcrry           •         •         •  ~       • 

J59 

CTSTACE.E 

42 

Daphne         .         .         .         .        :. 

198 

CLETHRA  alnifolia 

.       188 

DAPHNE    .         .         .         .         i 

196 

Cockspur  Thorn    . 

.       106 

DAPHNE  Mezereum      -.        . 

198 

COMPOSITE     .         .     '  . 

.       154 

Deerberry      

1  60 

Index  of  Shrubs 


245 


Devil's  Walking-Stick. 

PAGE 

Gooseberry,  Round-leaved    . 

PAGE 

.       116 

DlERVfLLA  tn'tida 

122 

Swamp       .         . 

.       116 

DfRCA  palustris     . 

.         ISO 

Ground  Hemlock  .         .         . 

.       232 

Dockmackie           .         .         . 

196 

Groundsel  Tree     . 

.       154 

Dogberry 

138 

Guelder  Rose 

_  _/: 

DOGWOOD 

102 

Dogwood       .... 

.          124 

H 

Alternate-leaved 

.          127 

HAMAMELI'DE^E    . 

.       118 

Long-leaved    . 
Panicled 

.         126 
.         127 

Hamamelis  Virginica     . 
Hardhack      .... 

.       118 

88 

Poison    . 

74 

Haw,  Black 

142 

Round-leaved 

.       124 

Red     .... 

.       104 

Silky      . 
Dutch  Myrtle 

.       126 
.       204 

[Hawthorn,  English]     . 
Hazel-Nut,  Beaked       . 

.       108 
.       214 

E 

Wild  . 

212 

HEATH      .... 

.         155 

Eglantine      .... 

IOO 

Hemlock,  Ground.         ,         . 

232 

EL^fiAGNACE^ 

.    198 

Hercules  Club        .         .         . 

122 

Elder,  Common    .         .         . 

.     130 

High-water  Shrub 

.         154 

Poison        .         .         . 

74 

Hobble-Bush 

.         134 

Red-berried        .         . 

.       132 

HOLLY       .... 

5° 

EMPETRACE.E 

.       226 

Holly,  Mountain  . 

56 

EMPETRUM  nlgrum 

.       228 

HONEYSUCKLE       . 

130 

ERICACEAE 

.       155 

Honeysuckle-Bush 

.       150 

EudNYMUS  Americanus 

60 

Fly    .         .         . 

.       146 

atropurpiireus  . 

.         58 

Tartarian 

149 

F 

White  Swamp  . 

.       179 

Hop  Tree     .... 

50 

False  Indigo 

.         78 

Hornbeam    .... 

.       214 

Fern,  Sweet.         .       '•/  ;£.* 

.       205 

Huckleberry,  Box 

.       159 

Fever-Bush                                . 

IQ4 

Common  Black 

156 

Fly  Bracted  .... 

.     149 

Dwarf      . 

.       158 

Honeysuckle  . 

.    146 

Squaw     .         i 

160 

Mountain 

148 

Hudsonia      .... 

42 

Swamp                      .         . 

148 

HuDsdNiA  ericiides      .      ,  ... 

44 

Fringe-Tree  .... 

.    190 

tomentosa   . 

42 

HYDRANGEA  arborescens 

in 

G 

Hydrangea,  Wild 

in 

Gale,  Sweet  .... 

.     204 

HYPERICACE.E        . 

44 

GAYLUSsAciA  brachycera 

.     159 

HYPERICUM  densiflorum 

.         46 

dumosa 

.     158 

Kalmianum 

47 

frondosa    . 

.    159 

prolfficum 

46 

resinosa     . 

.       106 

I 

GINSENG  .... 

.       124 

Gooseberry,  Common  ^^ild 

114 

ILEX  glabra                  .        . 

54 

Missouri    .         . 

.       116 

laevigata 

54 

Prickly       . 

114 

mollis  .... 

52 

246 


Index  of  Shrubs 


fLEX  montana       .         .         .     ,K» 

PAGE     | 

52      [LIGUSTRUM  vulgare]    .        . 

PAGE 
I90 

monticola      .... 

52 

LfNDERA  Benzoin 

194 

verticillata    .... 

52 

LONICERA  cerulea 

I48 

Ilex,  Soft      

52 

riliata  .... 

146 

ILICI'NE^E       .... 

50 

involucrata  . 

149 

Indian  Currant     .         »         •         . 

146 

oblongifolia          .         . 

I48 

Indigo  False          9 

78 

Tartarica     . 

149 

Inlcberry 

c 

Loranthacese          •         •         •         • 

iTonwood               •         •         • 

214 

Itea       

112 

M 

ITEA  Virginica      .... 

112 

MADDER   .         .      •  •.«•      . 

152 

IVA  frutescens       .... 

154 

MAGNOLIACE.E       . 

36 

Ivy,  Poison  ..... 

76 

MAGNOLIA       ... 

36 

J 

Magnolia,  glauca  .... 

36 

j 

Virginiana    . 

36 

June-Berry    ..... 

108 

Magnolia,  Small  .         .         .•        ^ 

76 

Juniper,  Common 

230 

Maple,  Mountain  .         .        ,     m'sj:- 

66 

Prostrate 

232 

Marsh  Elder          .       >ka    :.        » 

154 

JUNfpERUS  communis    . 

230 

May  Cherry  

108 

var.  Alplna 

232 

Meadow-Sweet      .... 

86 

Sablnavar.  procumbens 

232 

MENZIESIA  glabella      ,"•;-»      -.• 

178 

globularis   .         .      '  «i 

178 

K 

Mezereum     .         .        ,       ....   .'.;»•- 

198 

KALMIA  angustif61ia     . 
glauca     .... 
latifolia  .... 

176 
176 
174 

MISTLETOE      .        .        ,       .-. 
Mistletoe,  American 
Moosewood    .       ;  .       .  ,;        . 

199 
199 
196 

Kinnikinnik           .... 

X  /T- 

126 

Mountain  Maple  .         ,       ,.         . 
MvRiCA  asplenif61ia     ... 

66 

205 

L 

cerifera   .         .        .... 

202 

Labrador  Tea        .... 

186 

Gale        .         .        .        . 
MYRICACE^    .         .         .        ., 

204 
2O2 

Lambkill       

176 

Lapland,  Rose  Bay 

185 

N 

LAURACE.E      .... 

194 

LAUREL    

194 

NEMOPANTHES  fascicularis  . 

56 

Laurel,  Great        .... 

182 

mucronata     . 

56 

Mountain. 

174 

New  Jersey  Tea    .... 

64 

Pale           .... 

176 

Nine-Bark    .         .         . 

88 

Sheep        .... 

176 

o 

Swamp     .... 

36 

Lead-Plant 

78 

OAK    

206 

Leather-Leaf         .... 

171 

Oak,  Bear     ..... 

218 

Leatherwood          .... 

196 

Dwarf  Chestnut    . 

216 

LEDUM  latifolium 

186 

Poison. 

76 

[paliistre]  .... 

1  86 

Scrub  (Q.  illicif61ia)     . 

218 

LEGUMINOS.E 

78 

Scrub  (Q.  M.  var.  humilis)  . 

216 

Leucothoe     .         .         .         .    iv3J$ 

169 

Old  Mans  Beard  . 

190 

LEUC6THOE  racemosa  .         .         . 

169 

OLEACE.E          .         . 

190 

Index  of  Shrubs 


247 


OLEASTER        .... 

HACK 
I98 

Red  Osier     .... 

PAGH 
126 

Oil-nut         r.     ••;.. 

200 

Red-root        

64 

OLIVE         

IQO 

RHAMNACE^E. 

61 

Osier,  Long-stalked 

223 

RHAMNUS  alni£61ia 

62 

Caroliniana  . 

62 

P 

[cathartica]  . 

62 

Papaw  

38 

lanceolata     . 

61 

PAPAW        

38 

Rhododendron      .... 

182 

Pepper-Bush,  Sweet      . 

188 

RHODODENDRON  arborescens  .     . 

180 

PHORADENDRON  flavescens  . 

199 

calendulaceum   . 

182 

PHYSOCARPUS  opuli£61ius      .        f 

88 

Canadense 

184 

PINE  \  , 
Pinxter-flower     ..... 
Plum,  Beach          . 

230 
180 

82 

canescens  . 
Lapponicum 

233 

185 

Canada       .         .         ,  ^    ^ 

81 

maximum  . 

182 

Horse        '.       [,.       . 

81 

nudiflorum 

1  80 

Wild  .  •      . 

81 

var.  polyandra 

182 

Poison  Ivy   

76 

Rhodbra     . 

184 

Oak                     ,         .         . 

76 

visc6sum 

179 

Sumach      .        .,         ^        . 

74 

var.  glaucum  . 

180 

Prickly  Ash,  Northern  .         .""   ..,. 

47 

var.  nitidum  . 

1  80 

FPrivetl 

Tno 

Rhodora                          .         . 

^JTIIVCIJ                  ..... 

PRDNUS  Alleghaniensis 

iyu 

82 

RHUS  aromatica    .... 

76 

Americana       «         ,    ,     », 

81 

Canade"nsis  .... 

76 

angustifolius     .         ... 

233 

copalllna      .... 

73 

cuneata    .         ,         .         » 

233 

glabra           .... 

70 

niaritima           .         .         . 

82 

radicans       .... 

76 

pumila     .... 

81 

toxicodtndron 

76 

fcninosal 

84. 

72 

L  .r            J    .... 
Virginiana        ',         ..        . 

Oif 

84 

•venenata       .... 

74 

PTELEA  trifoliata  .... 

50 

Vernix          .... 

74 

PULSE        

78 

RISES  Cynosbati    .... 

114 

PYRULARIA  piibera 

200 

floridum      .... 

118 

PYRUS  arbutifolia          ....       . 

IOO 

gracile         .... 

116 

'  '         var.  melanocdrpa 

102 

laciistre        .... 

116 

nigra           .... 

IO2 

oxycanthoides     . 

114 

rotundif61ium      . 

116 

Q 

rubrum,     var.     snbglandu- 

QUERCUS  ilicifolia          .         .    /    . 

218 

losum      .... 

118 

Muhlenbergii,  Eng.,  var. 

ROCK-ROSE      .... 

42 

humilis,  Britton 

216 

R6sA  blanda          .         .         . 

98 

R'  ••  i  •  -    -  •*•  -• 

Carolina       .... 

98 

.  *      .     •-  - 

[rubiginisa] 

IOO 

RANUNCULACE^E  . 

34 

humilis         .... 

97 

Raspberry,  Black 

92 

lucida 

97 

Purple-flowering          f 

90 

ni'tida  .... 

08 

Wild  Red    . 

92 

ROSACE^E          .... 

v° 
80 

Red  Haw      . 

104 

182 

248 


Index  of  Skrubs 


Rose   Bland                   .         . 

PAGE 

Scrub  Oaks  (see  Oak)    .         .         . 

PAGE 

216 

Carolina      .... 

98 

Service  Tree          .... 

108 

Low 

Shad-Bush 

108 

Shining        .... 

97 

Sheep-Laurel         .... 

176 

Swamp        .... 

98 

SHEPHERDIA  Canadensis 

198 

08 

Shrub  Yellow-Root        .         . 

-  . 

ROSE  

y° 
80 

Shrubby  Trefoil  .... 

50 

Rosemary      

166 

[Sloe  (P.  spinosa)] 

84 

RUBIACE^E        .... 

152 

Sloe  (V.  prunifolium)     .         . 

142 

RUBUS  cuneif61ius 

94 

vSmooth  Winterberry     . 

54 

neglectus  .... 

233 

Snowberry    .       '•        •?      *        .J 

144 

Millspaughii 

000 

Snowball                         .         . 

1  16 

occidentalis        ... 

^  JJ 

92 

SOAPBERRY      .... 

*jv 
66 

odoratus    .... 

90 

Spice-Bush    

194 

strigosus    .... 

92 

Spindle-Tree         .... 

58 

villosus      .... 

94 

SPIRAEA  corymb6sa       .        . 

86 

var.  frondosus 

94 

salicifolia         .     '   .     '    . 

86 

RUE    

47 

tomentisa         .         .  .     '  ,!< 

88 

RUTACE.E         .... 

47 

Virginiana        .         .  "    .  • 

233 

Spirtea,  Birch-leaved    .         . 

86 

S 

Spoonwood    .        .^---^i>       ^       -^ 

174 

Squaw  Huckleberry      *         »,.,'»] 

1  60 

Saint  Andrew's  Cross    . 

45 

STAFF-TREE    .       T      ."  ^  V 

58 

ST.-JOHN'S-WORT  . 

44 

Stag-Bush                       •         •         • 

142 

Saint-John's-wort,  Shrubby  Kalms 

44 

Stagger-Bush         .        "•'"'    •'"  '    • 

168 

Sain  t-Peter's-wort 

44 

STAPHYLEA  trifolia       .        .   '     . 

68 

SALICACE^E      .... 

220 

Steeple-Bush          .... 

88 

SALIX  argyrocarpa 

223 

Strawberry-Bush  .... 

60 

balsamifera 

224 

Sumach,  Dwarf     .         . 

73 

Candida       .... 

223 

Mountain        ... 

73 

cordata        .... 

224 

Smooth   .... 

70 

discolor       .... 

222 

Stag-horn         .         . 

72 

herbacese    .... 

226 

Sweet      .... 

76 

hiimilis        .... 

222 

Poison     .... 

74 

longifolia    .... 

2  2O 

SUMACH 

7° 

myrtilloides 

224 

Swamp  Laurel      .... 

36 

petiolaris     .... 

223 

Swamp  Pink         .... 

179 

phylicif61ia 

223 

Sweet-Bay     

36 

sericea         .... 

222 

Sweet-Brier  .    '     ,         .         .         . 

100 

tristis      •              ... 

222 

Sweet-Fern                      ... 

205 

Uva-ursi     .... 

224 

Sweet-Gale  

204 

SAMBIJCUS  Canadensis  . 

130 

SWEET-GALE   .... 

202 

racemosa 

-     132 

Sweet-scented  Shrub      .         ,  .    .  ». 

no 

SANTAlACE.*           .... 

2OO 

SYMPHORICARPOS  occidentalis 

144 

SANDAL-WOOD 

2OO 

orbicularis          . 

146 

SAPINDACE.E  . 

66 

racemosus 

144 

SAXIFRAGACE.E      . 

III 

var.  pauciflony  . 

144 

SAXIFRAGE      .                  .    '•". 

III 

vulgaris    .         , 

146 

Index  of  Shr^i,bs 


249 


T 

PAGE 

VIBURNUM  prunif61ium         . 

FAGR 

.          142 

pubescens     .         . 

.          140 

Tartarian  Honeysuckle 

149 

Viburnum,  Few-flowered      . 

.          136 

TAXUS  Canadensis 

232 

Soft    . 

140 

Tea,  Labrador      .... 

186 

New  Jersey  .         .         .        . 

64 

W 

Thimbleberry        .... 

92 

Waahoo        .... 

58 

{Thorn,  Black  (P.  spin6sa)l 

84 

Wax  Myrtle 

2O2 

Thorn,  Black  (C.  tomentosa) 

106 

Wayfaring  Tree,  American 

.         134 

Cockspur  .         .         .         . 

1  06 

Willow,  Arctic     . 

.         226 

Dwarf        .        V       .     .    . 

108 

Bear-Berry 

.         224 

Pear          .... 

1  06 

Bog 

.         222 

Scarlet-fruited  .         .         »  , 

104 

Dwarf  Gray     . 

222 

White         .... 

104 

Glaucus  .         .        . 

222 

THYMEL^ACE^E    . 

196 

Gray        .         .         . 

222 

Toothache  Tree     .... 

47 

Heart-leaved   .         . 

224 

Trefoil,  Shrubby  .        .     -  . 

5° 

Herb        . 

.         226 

Hoary      .         ,         . 

.        223 

V 

Long-leaved    .        . 

220 

VACCfNiUM  Canadense  . 

162 

Mountain          .         . 

.        223 

caespitosum 
var.  cuneif61ium 

164 
164 

Prairie     .         .        .' 
Sage 

222 
.         223 

corymbosum        .         . 
var.  atrococum 
myrtilloides 
ovalifolium          .         . 

163 
163 
164 

164 

Silky 
WILLOW    .... 
Winterberry 
Smqoth     . 

222 
220 

52 

54 

Pennsylvanicum  . 
var.  an  gusti  folium   . 
var.  nlgrum      . 
stamineum  .         .         . 

162 
162 
162 
1  60 

Witch  Hazel 
WITCH  HAZEL 
Withe-rod  (V.  cassinoides)    . 
(V.  nudum)  . 

.       118 
.       118 
142 
.       140 

uligin6sum  .         .         . 

164 

Wolf-Berry  .... 

.       144 

vacillans 

163 

X 

VIBURNUM  acerifolium  . 
cassinoides  .         .        . 

138 
142 

XANTHORHIZA  apif61ia  . 

34 

dentatum 

138 

XANTH6XYLUM  Americanum 

47 

lantanoides  . 

134 

Y 

molle  .... 

140 

nudum         .        . 

140 

Yellow-Root,  Shrub      . 

34 

opulus 

134 

Yew,  American    .         .         . 

.       232 

paucif61ium 

136 

Yew,  Dwarf 

.       23- 

Books  for  the  Country 


NATURE  STUDIES  IN  BERKSHIRE.    By  JOHN  COUSMAN  ADAMS. 
With  16  illustrations  in  photogravure  from  original  photographs 
by  ARTHUR  Scorr.     8°,  gilt  top,  $4.50.     Popular  edition,  illus- 
trated, 8=,  $2.50. 
"  The  book  on  the  whole  is  a  sane  and  sympathetic  tribute  to  nature,  a  tribute 

that  is  much  enhanced  by  the  accompanying  beautiful  photographs." — Chicago 

Tribune. 

LANDSCAPE  GARDENING.  Notes  and  Suggestions  on  Lawns 
aud  Lawn-Planting,  Laying  out  and  Arrangement  of  Country 
Places,  Large  and  Small  Parks,  etc.  By  SAMUEL  PARSONS,  Jr., 
Ex-Superintendent  of  Parks,  New  York  City.  With  nearly  200 
illustrations.  Large  8°,  $3.50.  Popular  edition,  $2.00. 
"  Mr.  Parsons  proves  himself  a  master  of  his  art  as  a  landscape  gardener,  and 

this  superb  book  should  be  studied  by  all  who  are  concerned  in  the  making  of 

parks  in  other  cities,"  -  Philadelphia  Bulletin. 

LAWNS  AND  GARDENS.  How  to  Beautify  the  Home  Lot,  the 
Pleasure  Ground,  and  Garden.  By  N.  JoNSSON-RoSE,  of  the 
Department  of  Public  Parks,  New  York  City.  With  172  plans 
and  illustrations.  Large  8°,  gilt  top,  $3.50. 

"Mr.  Jonsson-Rose  has  prepared  a  treatise  which  will  prove  of  genuine  value  to 
the  large  and  increasing  number  of  those  who  take  a  personal  interest  in  their 
home  grounds.  It  does  not  aim  above  the  intelligence  or  aesthetic  sense  of  the 
ordinary  American  citizen  who  has  never  given  any  thought  to  planting  and  to 
whom  some  of  the  profounder  principles  of  garden-art  make  no  convincing  ap- 
peal. "—Garden  and  Forest. 

ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS.     For  Garden,  Lawn,  and  Park  Planting. 

By  Lucius  D.  DAVIS.    With  over  100  illustrations.     8°,  $3.50. 
"  Mr.  Davis  writes  with  authority  upon  his  chosen  theme.    .    .    .    The  book  Is 
full  of  information  upon  the  subject  of  which  it  treats,  and  contains  many  sugges- 
tions that  will  prove  helpful."  -  A^.  Y.  Times. 

THE    LEAF   COLLECTOR'S   HANDBOOK   AND   HERBARIUM. 

An  aid  in  the  preservation  and  in  the  classification  of  specimen 
leaves  of  the  trees  of  Northeastern  America.     By  CHARLES  S. 
NEWHAU,.     Illustrated.     8°,  $2.00. 
"The  idea  of  the  book  is  so  good  and  so  simple  as  to  recommend  itself  at  •n 

glance  to  everybody  who  cares  to  know  our  trees  or  to  make  for  any  purpose  a  col- 

lection  of  their  leaves.  "-TV.  Y.  Critic. 

THE  WONDERS  OF  PLANT  LIFE.      By  Mrs.   S.   B.   HERRICK. 

Fully  illustrated.     16°,  $1.50. 

"  A  dainty  volume  .  .  .  opens  up  a  whole  world  of  fascination  .  ,  .  full 
of  information." — Boston  Advertiser. 

THE  HOME  LIFE  OF  WILD  BIRDS.     A  new  method  of  the  study 
and  photography  of  birds.     By  FRANCIS  H.  HERRICK.     With  141 
illustrations  from  life.      A  new   edition   entirely  rewritten   and 
issued  in  a  form  suitable  for  use  as  a  field  book.     8°,  net,  $2.00. 
Mr.  Herrick  has  perfected  an  invention  that  brings  the  birds  beneath  his  eye. 
ana  beneath  the  eye  of  his  camera,  in  a  way  hitherto  unheard  of.    At  an  actual 
distance  of  about  2  feet  from  the  nest,  the  author  and  his  camera  stand.    From  that 
point  of  vantage  they  watch  and  record  every  movement  of  the  bird  family. 

Q.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS,  2?  &  39  West  aad  St.,  New  York 


Books  for  the  Country 


OUR  INSECT  FRIENDS  AND  FOES.  How  to  Collect,  Preserve 
and  Study  Them.  By  BELLE  S.  CRAGIN.  With  over  250  illus- 
trations. 8°,  net,  $1.75. 

"Although  primarily  intended  for  boys  and  girls,  it  can  hardly  fail  to  enlist  the 
aid  of  the  older  members  of  the  family  ;  and  for  the  amateur  collector  of  all  ages 
who  has  all  the  requisite  enthusiasm  but  lacks  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  art  of 
preserving  specimens,  it  should  receive  a  warm  welcome." — Commercial  Advertiser. 

AMONG  THE  MOTHS  AND  BUTTERFLIES.     By  JULIA  P.  BAL- 

LARD.     Illustrated.    8°,  net,  $1.50. 

"The  book,  which  is  handsomely  illustrated,  is  designed  for  young  readers, 
relating  some  of  the  most  curious  facts  of  natural  history  in  a  singularly  pleas- 
ant and  instructive  manner."— TV.  Y.  Tribune 

BIRD  STUDIES.     An  account  of  the  Land  Birds  of  Eastern  North 

America.      By  WILLIAM  E.  D.  ScoTT.      With  166  illustrations 

from  original  photographs.     Quarto,  leather  back,  gilt  top,  in  a 

box,  net,  $5.00. 

"  A  book  of  first  class  importance.    .    .    .    Mr.  Scott  has  been  a  field  naturalist 

for  upwards  of  thirty  years,  and  few  persons  have  a  more  intimate  acquaintance 

than  he  with  bird  life.    His  work  will  take  high  rank  for  scientific  accuracy  wid 

we  trust  it  may  prove  successful." — London  Speaker. 


WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE  NORTHEASTERN  STATES.     Drawn 
and  carefully  described  from  life,  without  undue  use  of  scientific 
nomenclature,  by  ELLEN  MILLER  and  MARGARET  C.  WHITING. 
With  308  illustrations  the  size  of  life.     8°,  net,  $3.00. 
"  Anybody  who  can  read  English  can  use  the  work  and  make  his  identifica- 
tions, and,  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  flowers,  the  drawings  alone  furnish  all  that 
is  necessary.    .    .    .    The  descriptions  are  as  good  of  their  kind  as  the  drawings 
are  of  theirs."— TV.  Y.  Times. 


THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA.     By  CHARLES  S. 

NEWHALL.     With  illustrations  made  from  tracings  of  the  leaves 

of  the  various  trees.     8°,  net,  $1.75. 

"  We  believe  this  is  the  most  complete  and  handsome  volume  of  its  kind,  and 
on  account  of  its  completeness  and  the  readiness  with  which  it  imparts  information 
that  everybody  needs  and  few  possess,  it  is  invaluable.— Binghamton  Republican. 

THE  SHRUBS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA.     By  CHARLES 
S.   NEWHALL.     Fully  illustrated.    8°,  net,  $1.75. 
"This  volume  is  beautifully  printed  on  beautiful  paper,  and  has  a  list  of  116 
illustrations  calculated  to  explain  the  text.    It  has  a  mine  of  precious  information, 
such  as  is  seldom   gathered  within  the  covers  of  such  a  volume."— Baltimore 
Farmer. 

Popular  Edition,  the  above  two  volumes  in  one,  $2  oo. 
THE  VINES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA.     By  CHARLES  S. 

NEWHALL.     Fully  illustrated.     8°,  net,  $1.75. 

"  The  work  is  that  of  the  true  scientist,  artistically  presented  in  a  popular  form, 
to  an  appreciative  class  of  readers."—  The  Churchman. 

Q.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS,         NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON 


Books  for  the  Country 


FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  WILD  FLOWERS.  Being  a  Short 
Description  of  their  Character  and  Habits,  a  Concise  Definition 
of  their  Colors,  and  incidental  references  to  the  Insects  which 
assist  in  their  Fertilization.  By  F.  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS,  author 
of  "  Familiar  Flowers  of  Field  and  Garden,"  etc.  16°,  525  pp., 
with  24  colored  plates  and  200  full-page  illustrations  in  the  text. 
Net,  $1.75.  (By  mail,  $1.85.)  Full  leather,  net,  $2.25. 

Any  writing  about  nature  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Mathews  merits  careful  reading. 
This  book  has  the  unique  quality  of  being  a  Pocket  Botany.  Further,  its  illus- 
trations are  of  extraordinary  excellence, — probably  the  best  ever  printed  in  a 
Botany. 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  WILD  BIRDS  AND  THEIR  MUSIC.     By  F. 

SCHUYLER  MATHEWS,  author  of  "  Field  Book  of  American  Wild 
Flowers,"  etc.  16°,  with  38  colored  and  15  other  full-page 
illustrations,  and  numerous  musical  diagrams.  Cloth,  net,  $2.00. 
Full  flexible  leather,  net,  $2.50.  (Postage,  15  cents.) 

"  A  description  of  the  songs  and  the  coloring  of  wild  birds  which  will  enable 
any  one  to  identify  the  species  common  in  tne  Eastern  United  States.  Mr. 
Mathews  has  developed  a  new  theory  of  mechanical  rhythm  in  the  music  of 
different  species  which  is  the  all-important  factor  in  an  unerring  identification  of 
a  bird  by  ear  alone.  The  book  fills  a  place  never  before  occupied  by  any  volume 
devoted  to  bird  study.  ^\ 

BOG-TROTTING  FOR  ORCHIDS.  By  GRACE  GREYLOCK  NIUJS. 
Illustrated  from  Photographs  by  KATHERINE  LEWERS  and  the 
Author.  8°,  with  24  colored  and  48  other  full-page  illus- 
trations. Net,  $2.50.  (By  mail,  $2.70.) 

The  work  is  profusely  illustrated  in  color  from  photographs  taken  of  the 
orchids  in  their  native  haunts.  Readers  will  be  surprised  at  the  number  and  rare 
beauty  of  these  native  flowers,  which  are  little  known  owing  to  the  inaccessibility 
of  their  habitat. 

NORTH  AMERICAN  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY.  Their  Re- 
lations to  the  National  Life  of  the  American  People.  By  ERNEST 
BRUNCKEN,  Secretary  of  the  late  Forestry  Commission  of 
Wisconsin.  8°,  pp.  265,  net,  $2.00. 

"  I  have  read  this  book  with  deep  interest,  and  find  it  exceedingly  well  suited 
to  minister  to  and  to  promote  the  interest  in  forestry  which  is  now  happily  so 
widely  awakened.  It  is  a  work  which  will  appeal  strongly  to  the  general  public 
and  command  attention  beyond  the  limits  attained  by  mere  technical  pub- 
lications."—Prof.  E.  J.  WICKSON,  of  the  University  of  California. 

THE  WAY  OF  THE  WOODS.  A  Manual  for  Sportsmen  in  North- 
eastern United  States  and  Canada.  By  EDWARD  BRECK.  436 
pages,  80  illustrations,  compact  form,  $1.75  net. 

The  author  is  both  a  naturalist  and  a  practised  woodsman,  an  exponent  of  the 
highest  type  of  sportsmanship,  who  strives  to  arouse  interest  rather  in  the  study 
of  animals  and  birds  than  in  their  wanton  slaughter. 

The  book  is  distinguished  by  its  clear,  terse,  and  practical  style. 


Q.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS,         NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON 


THE  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW. 


50m-9,'66(G6338s8)9482 


WH 

Ml  \^ 
\ 


1 


